유럽연합-터키 관계와 EU 이주∙난민정책 외재화의 문제점 = EU-Turkey Relations and the problem of Externationalization of Migration and Asylum crisis

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The policy of European Union to resolve migration and asylum issues through the relationship with Turkey shows the quintessence of externalization. This article examines the problems of migration control policies based on the cooperation with the third countries through the EU-Turkey migration deal. Notwithstanding the past stalled relationship between the EU and Turkey due to the accession negotiation, this study shows that Turkey’s emergence as key actor regarding the EU’s irregular migrant issues worked as an impetus for its relationship with the EU.
The reinforced EU-Turkey relationship through irregular migrant control policy turns into the cause of increasing complex interdependent relations that Nye and Keohane argue. If we measure the interdependent relations between the EU and Turkey by sensitivity and vulnerability which are the significant concepts to construct the relations, we can set the extent of damage from irregular migrants (the cost for external changes) as sensitivity and the extent of the cost depending on the presence of alternatives to the existing policy as vulnerability.
According to this typology, it seemed that EU-Turkey readmission agreement transferred the sensitivity regarding irregular migrant issues in the EU to Turkey and yielded positive results mitigating both sensitivity and vulnerability in the EU. The problem of EU-Turkey migration deal in 2016, however, is that it could change the aspect of existing conflicts due to the excessive dependent externalization on Turkey and increase the asymmetry between two countries.
The EU-Turkey migration deal on March 2016 have heightened the vulnerability and sensitivity of the EU on migration issues which could lead to a lower presence of the EU in not only migrant but also other issues with Turkey.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

EU가 2013년 터키와 맺은 재입국협정과 2016년 3월 EU-터키의 난민합의는 EU의 이주·난민 정책의 외재화 경향의 전형을 보여준다. 본 연구는 EU의 이주·난민 정책의 외재화 문제점을 EU-터키 관계를 통해 고찰하고자 한다. EU-터키 관계가 EU가입협상으로 오랫동안 난항을 겪었지만 EU내 불법이주민 대거 유입 문제로 터키가 주요한 행위자로 부상하면서 EU-터키 관계에 추동력이 되었다. EU내 불법이주민 억제 정책으로 심화된 EU-터키 관계는 나이(Nye)와 코헤인(Keohane)이 주장하는 복합적 상호의존 관계(complex interdependent relations)를 증가시키는 요인이 된다. 상호의존적 관계를 유형화하기 위한 중요한 개념인 민감성(sensitivity)과 취약성(vulnerability)을 기준으로 EU-터키간의 상호의존도 관계를 측정할 때 불법이주민 문제로 인한 타격(외부적 변화에 따른 대가의 정도)의 정도를 민감성으로 그리고 기존정책에 대한 대안 유무에 따른 대가의 정도를 취약성이라 설정할 수 있다. 이에 의하면 EU-터키의 재입국협정은 EU내 불법이주민문제에 대한 민감성을 터키로 이전시켜 이주민에 대한 EU의 민감성과 취약성 모두 낮추는 긍정적 결과를 갖고 오는 듯 했다. 그러나 2016년 EU-터키 난민 합의는 터키에 지나치게 의존적인 외재화 경향으로 기존의 갈등관계의 양상을 변화시킬 수 있으며 양국 간의 비대칭성 문제가 점차 커질 수 있는 문제점을 갖고 있다. 2016년 3월 EU-터키 난민합의로 난민문제에 있어 취약성과 민감성이 모두 높아진 EU는 난민문제 뿐 아니라 다른 사안에서도 터키와의 관계에서 입지가 약해지는 결과를 초래할 수 있다.

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