The future of Central Asia is seriously threatened by the combined effects of climate change and water scarcity. In a region that relies heavily on shared rivers, water scarcity is becoming an increasingly pressing issue. This study examines the impac...
The future of Central Asia is seriously threatened by the combined effects of climate change and water scarcity. In a region that relies heavily on shared rivers, water scarcity is becoming an increasingly pressing issue. This study examines the impact of climate change on water management in Central Asia, focusing on the cases of Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. Several factors, including historical grievances, divergent interests between countries, and the lack of effective institutional frameworks for cooperation, contribute to the limited cooperation on water-related issues in the region. Different national perspectives on water management compound these issues, with upstream countries prioritizing hydropower generation and downstream countries focusing on agricultural needs. However, climate change poses a significant challenge to countries' water management strategies, requiring greater cooperation and a shift towards a conflict-sensitive approach to development policy. Historically, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan have shown intermittent examples of working together to share water resources, as evidenced by signing water management agreements during the Soviet era. However, effective cooperation on water sharing, which has transformed the bilateral relationship, has been hampered by geopolitical changes and shifting national priorities. The research focuses on the dynamics of water cooperation between Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan and examines the impact of climate change on water management and regional security in Central Asia. Through the case analysis of Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, it aims to identify the challenges and opportunities of managing shared water resources in a Central Asian region characterized by upstream and downstream dependencies, and to highlight the need for integrated climate change adaptation strategies. The main objectives are to understand how climate change is exacerbating the existing problems of water scarcity and to explore potential avenues for increased cooperation between the countries of Central Asia, and in particular between Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. The aim is a comprehensive analysis of the current state of water management policies, regional cooperation frameworks, and climate change adaptation strategies. It also provides original insights into establishing sustainable water management given climate variability. By analyzing water conflicts and cooperation in Central Asia, this research provides an in-depth comparison between national development policies and climate change adaptation policies. Focusing on the different approaches taken by the two Central Asian countries, the study analyzes how climate change affects water management in Central Asia. It first shows the impact of climate change on water resources and the potential for conflict over water scarcity, and then describes the different strategies adopted by Central Asian countries based on geography and national priorities, such as producing energy or developing agriculture. Case studies of Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan form the core of the thesis. These countries are important as upstream and downstream riparian. The case studies explore the history of water cooperation between the two countries and highlight how government policies and regional priorities influence cooperation efforts. Kyrgyzstan's and Uzbekistan's development strategies reflect different approaches to managing water. Kyrgyzstan is more focused on climate change issues due to its high dependence on water resources for both energy production and irrigation. Consequently, Kyrgyzstan has prioritized sustainable water management and climate adaptation measures to ensure the long-term availability of its resources. In contrast, Uzbekistan is more focused on regional cooperation. Uzbekistan's agricultural sector is highly dependent on reliable water supplies from upstream basins. Therefore its strategy focuses on fostering strong diplomatic relations and cooperative water management agreements with neighbors. This approach aims to ensure both food security and economic stability by securing water for the country's extensive agricultural activities. In summary, Uzbekistan's strategy is focused on maintaining and strengthening regional cooperation to ensure the supply of water for agricultural needs, while Kyrgyzstan's strategy shows the need to mitigate the impacts of climate change on water resources. Thus, countries have different priorities based on their unique geographical and economic circumstances. Central Asian countries need to consider the long-term impacts of climate change on water availability and increase cooperation, develop renewable energy sources, and improve existing water systems for sustainable water management in the future. Taken together, these findings suggest that countries in the region should implement improved water management strategies. Additionally, increased cooperation on water management across the region is necessary to mitigate the impacts of climate change. In other words, in order to achieve lasting stability and resource security, climate change and water scarcity require a regionally coordinated approach.