D. H. Lawrence and German Culture: Frieda, Fascist Charge, and Cultural Identity

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Lawrence received much from German culture for his development as
a writer. His German spouse Frieda provided him with an insight into the
problems of modern society through her mediation between him and
counterculture of Munich-Schwabing. They shared rebellious spirit
against the moral, religious, and political authorities in the cause of liberation
of individual and culture. But the truths about the impact of
Lawrence’s personal ties to Frieda have been largely neglected or distorted.
Bertrand Russell erroneously intimated involvement of psychoanalysis
and Frieda in Lawrence’s alleged fascist inclination. Contrary to this,
Frieda and psychoanalysis worked to keep Lawrence’s authoritarian tendency
in check. If Russell wanted to associate Lawrence with Frieda, F.
R. Leavis did the opposite by trying to separate the writer from her influence,
and reduced her presence to “an amoral German aristocrat.” But
thanks to her support, Lawrence could experience the potency of eros to
liberate psyche and culture from the burden of religious, moral, and
political dogma, and maintain his belief in it all his life. Lawrence’s idea
was closely woven into the community of Europe, particularly the
German critique of modernization and materialism. To understand this
context, we need to revaluate the vital role Frieda had.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Lawrence received much from German culture for his development as
a writer. His German spouse Frieda provided him with an insight into the
problems of modern society through her mediation between him and
counterculture of Munich-Schwabing. They shared rebellious spirit
against the moral, religious, and political authorities in the cause of liberation
of individual and culture. But the truths about the impact of
Lawrence’s personal ties to Frieda have been largely neglected or distorted.
Bertrand Russell erroneously intimated involvement of psychoanalysis
and Frieda in Lawrence’s alleged fascist inclination. Contrary to this,
Frieda and psychoanalysis worked to keep Lawrence’s authoritarian tendency
in check. If Russell wanted to associate Lawrence with Frieda, F.
R. Leavis did the opposite by trying to separate the writer from her influence,
and reduced her presence to “an amoral German aristocrat.” But
thanks to her support, Lawrence could experience the potency of eros to
liberate psyche and culture from the burden of religious, moral, and
political dogma, and maintain his belief in it all his life. Lawrence’s idea
was closely woven into the community of Europe, particularly the
German critique of modernization and materialism. To understand this
context, we need to revaluate the vital role Frieda had.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Green,Martin, "The von Richthofen Sisters:The Triumphant and Tragic Modes of Love" Basic Books 1974

2 Lawrence, D. H., "The Plumed Serpent" Penguin 1995

3 Lawrence, D. H., "The Letters of D. H. Lawrence. Volume VI" Cambridge UP 1991

4 Lawrence, D. H., "The Letters of D. H. Lawrence. Vol. II" Cambridge UP

5 Williams, Raymond, "The English Novel from Dickens to Lawrence. 1970" Paladin 1974

6 Russell, Bertrand, "The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell. Vol. II" McClelland and Stewart 1968

7 Lawrence, D. H., "St Mawr" Penguin 276-428, 1990

8 Millett,Kate, "Sexual Politics" Avon Books 1971

9 Lawrence, D. H., "Phoenix II: Uncollected, Unpublished, and Other Prose Works" Viking Press 1968

10 Lawrence, D. H., "Mr Noon" Cambridge UP 1984

11 Luhan,Mabel Dodge, "Lorenzo in Taos" Martin Secker 1933

12 Widmer, Kingsley, "Lawrence and the Nietzschean Matrix" The Athlone Press 115-131, 1985

13 Krockel,Carl.D.H., "Lawrence and Germany:The Politics of Influence" Rodopi 2007

14 Colmer, John, "Lawrence and Blake D. H. Lawrence and Tradition" Athlone Press 9-20, 1985

15 Lucas, Robert, "Frieda Lawrence: The Story of Frieda von Richthofen and D. H. Lawrence" Secker & Warburg 1973

16 Lawrence, Frieda, "Frieda Lawrence: The Memoirs and Correspondence" Heinemann 1961

17 Lawrence, Frieda, "Frieda Lawrence Not I, But the Wind . ." The Viking Press 1934

18 Strenski, Ivan, "Four Theories of Myth in Twentieth-Century History: Cassirer, Eliade, Li-Strauss and Malinowski" Macmillan 1987

19 Lawrence, D. H. Kangaroo, "Ed. Bruce Steele. Cambridge: U of Cambridge P, 1994"

20 Williams, Raymond, "Culture and Society: 1780-1950. 1958" Penguin 1963

21 Leavis. F. R., "Anna Karenina: Thought and Significance in a Great Creative Work. ‘Anna Karenina’ and Other Essays" 1967 9-32,

22 Hynes,Samuel, "A War Imagined:The First World War and English Culture" The Bodley Head 1990