홀스타인 육성우에 있어서 초임월령이 분만상태에 미치는 영향

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Raising replacement heifers is important aspect of dairy farm management that can be characterized as a long-term performance and high-cost production period. This study was investigated the effect of month of age at the first pregnancy on calving difficulty of Holstein heifers. Heifers was inseminated with semen of easy-calving sire and the reproductive performance was compared for the effect of first pregnancy at 12- 14 months of age (12 month old), 15-16 months of age (15 month old), 17-19 months of age (17 month old) and > 20 months of age (20 month old) in Holstein heifers. Holstein heifers showed different easy calving score (ECS) depending on their ages; frequency of ECS 1 was 55.2%, 64.9%, 59.4% and 52.0% at 12, 15, 17 and 20 month of age, respectively. Frequency of ECS 4 was 5.2%, 1.8%, 6.3% and 4.8% at 12, 15, 17 and 20 month of age, respectively. The rates of retained placenta postparturition in first pregnancy age category was 12.3% at 12 months of age, 5.3% at 15 months of age, 9.4% at 17 months of age and 19.0% at 20 months of age. When It was evaluated by present results, the reproductive performance like easy calving score (ECS), retained placenta rates, and abortion and stillbirth rates of heifers which was inseminated at 14 months old or less and at 17 months old or more was reduced. Therefore, the first pregnancy age for optimum reproductive performance was 15-16 months.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• ABSTRACT
• Ⅰ. 서론
• Ⅱ. 재료 및 방법
• 1. 공시동물
• 2. 공시재료
• 3. 초임월령
• 4. 조사방법
• Ⅲ. 결과 및 고찰
• 1. 분만난이도
• 2. 후산정체 발생율
• 3. 유산 발생율
• 4. 사산 발생율
• Ⅳ. 요약
• Ⅴ. REFERENCES

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, "Uniform Operating Rules for National Dairy Herd Improvement Program (DHI)"

2 Schneider, M. P., "The effect of veterinary-treated clinical mastitis and pregnancy status on culling in Swedish dairy cows" 80 : 179-192, 2007

3 Hossein-Zadeh, N. G., "The effect of twinning on milk yield, dystocia, calf birth weight and open days in Holstein dairy cows of Iran" 94 : 780-787, 2010

4 Stanton, A. L., "The effect of respiratory disease and a preventative antibiotic treatment on growth, survival, age at first calving, and milk production of dairy heifers" 95 : 4950-4960, 2012

5 Amburgh, M. V., "The advantages of “accelerated growth” in heifer rearing" 13 : 79-80, 2001

6 Jeon, D. G., "Studies on incidence of retained fetal membrane in dairy cows" Konkuk University 1986

7 Philipsson, J., "Sire evaluation standards and breeding strategies for limiting dystocia and stillbirth" 6 : 111-127, 1979

8 Chassagne, M., "Risk factors for stillbirth in Holstein heifers under field conditions in France: a prospective survey" 51 : 1477-1488, 1999

9 김일화, "Risk factors for retained placenta and the effect of retained placenta on the occurrence of postpartum diseases and subsequent reproductive performance in dairy cows" 대한수의학회 6 (6): 53-59, 2005

10 Kaneene, J. B., "Risk factors for metritis in Michigan dairy cattle using herd and cow based modelling approaches" 23 : 183-200, 1995

11 Joosten, I., "Retained placenta:an immunological approach" 28 : 451-461, 1992

12 Majeed, A. F., "Retained placenta in local breed cattle" 21 : 97-104, 1989

13 Wu, J., "Reproductive performance and survival of Chinese Holstein dairy cows" 52 : 11-19, 2012

14 Diskin, M. G., "Reproductive management of dairy cows: A review (part Ⅱ)" 6 : 1-6, 2010

15 Mee, J. F., "Prevalence and risk factors for dystocia in dairy cattle: a review" 176 : 93-101, 2008

16 Simerl, N. A., "Prepartum and peripartum reproductive performance of dairy heifers freshening at young ages" 74 : 1724-1729, 1991

17 Thurmond, M. C., "Predicting the probability of abortion in dairy cows: a hierarchical Bayesian logistic-survival model using sequential pregnancy data" 68 : 223-239, 2005

18 Meyer, G. L., "Phenotypic trends in incidence of stillbirth for Holsteins in the United States" 84 : 515-523, 2001

19 Mee, J. F., "Perinatal calf mortality-recent findings" 44 : 80-83, 1991

20 Erb, H. N., "Path model of reproductive disorders and performance, milk fever, mastitis, milk yield, and culling in Holstein cows" 68 : 3337-3349, 1985

21 Correa, M. T., "Path analysis of seven postpartum disorders of Holstein cows" 76 : 1305-1312, 1993

22 US Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, "Part IV: Reference of dairy cattle health and management practices in the United States"

23 DHI, "Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs and DCIC" National Agricultural Cooperative Federation 43-, 2012

24 Goff, J. P., "Major advances in our understanding of nutritional influences on bovine health" 89 : 1292-1301, 2006

25 Thompson, J. R., "Interrelationships of parturition problems, production of subsequent lactation, reproduction, and age at first calving" 66 : 1119-1127, 1983

26 Chung, K. H., "Incidence of retained placenta and subsequent reproductive performance in Holstein dairy cows" 33 : 429-437, 1991

27 López de Maturana, "Impact of calving ease on functional longevity and herd amortization cost in Basque Holsteins using survival analysis" 90 : 4451-4457, 2007

28 Moussavi, A. H., "Impact of age at first calving on lactation and reproduction of first-parity Iranian Holsteins dairy cows" 7 : 190-195, 2008

29 Ettema, J. F., "Impact of age at calving on lactation, reproduction, health, and income in first-parity Holsteins on commercial farms" 87 : 2730-2742, 2004

30 Berger, P. J., "Genetic prediction for calving ease in the United States : data, models, and use by the dairy industry" 77 : 1146-1153, 1994

31 Eaglen, S. A. E., "Genetic parameters of direct and maternal effects for calving ease in Dutch Holstein-Friesian cattle" 92 : 2229-2237, 2009

32 Steinbock, L., "Genetic effects on stillbirth and calving difficulty in Swedish Holsteins at first and second calving" 86 : 2228-2235, 2003

33 Heringstad, B, "Genetic analysis of calving difficulty and stillbirth in Norwegian Red cows" 90 : 3500-3507, 2007

34 Forara, A. L., "Fetal loss frequency in ten Holstein dairy herds" 45 : 1505-1513, 1996

35 Naazie, A., "Factors influencing calving difficulty in beef heifers" 67 : 3243-3249, 1989

36 Muller, L. D., "Factors associated with the incidence of retained placenta" 57 : 725-728, 1974

37 Aksakal, V., "Estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters for the birth weight of calves of Holstein Friesian cattle reared organically" 8 : 568-572, 2009

38 Rajala, P. J., "Effects of dystocia, retained placenta, and metritis on milk yield in dairy cows original research article" 81 : 3172-3181, 1998

39 Evans, R. D., "Effects of calving age, breed fraction and month of calving on calving interval and survival across parities in Irish spring-calving dairy cows" 100 : 216-230, 2006

40 Brickell, J. S., "Effect of growth and development during the rearing period on the subsequent fertility of nulliparous Holstein-Friesian heifers" 72 : 408-416, 2009

41 Fourichon, C., "Effect of disease on reproduction in the dairy cow: a meta-analysis" 53 : 1729-1759, 2000

42 Nilforooshan, M. A., "Effect of age at first calving on some productive and longevity traits in Iranian Holsteins of the Isfahan province" 87 : 2130-2135, 2004

43 Pirlo, G., "Effect of age at first calving on production traits and on difference between milk returns and rearing costs in Italian Holsteins" 83 : 606-608, 2000

44 Hoffman, P. C., "Effect of accelerated postpubertal growth and early calving on lactation performance of primiparous Holstein heifers" 79 : 2024-2031, 1996

45 Garcia-Peniche, T. B., "Comparisons of Holsteins with Brown Swiss and Jersey cows on the same farm for age at first calving and first calving interval" 88 : 790-796, 2005

46 Drillich, M., "Comparison of two protocols for the treatment of retained fetal membranes in dairy cattle" 59 : 951-960, 2003

47 Berglund, B., "Causes of stillbirth and time of death in Swedish Holstein calves examined post mortem" 44 : 111-120, 2003

48 Laven, R. A., "Bovine retained placenta: aetiology, pathogenesis and economic loss" 139 : 465-471, 1996

49 Heins, B. J., "Birth traits of pure Holstein calves versus Montbeliarde-sired crossbred calves" 93 : 2293-2299, 2010

50 Hossein-Zadeh, N. G., "Bayesian estimates of genetic parameters for metritis, retained placenta, milk fever, and clinical mastitis in Holstein dairy cows via Gibbs sampling" 90 : 146-149, 2011

51 Bach, A., "Associations between several aspects of heifer development and dairy cow survivability to second lactation" 94 : 1052-1057, 2011

52 Berry, D. P., "Associations between age at first calving and subsequent performance in Irish spring calving Holstein–Friesian dairy cows" 123 : 44-54, 2008

53 Cooke, J. S,, "Association between growth rates, age at first calving and subsequent fertility, milk production and survival in Holstein-Friesian heifers" 1 : 1-12, 2013

54 Hossein-Zadeh, N. G., "An observational analysis of twin births, calf stillbirth, calf sex ratio, and abortion in Iranian Holsteins" 91 : 4198-4205, 2008

55 Peter, A. T., "Abortions in dairy cows: new insights and economic impact" 12 : 233-244, 2000