해안마을 여성의 공동어로와 자원에 대한 권리 = The Communal-Fishing and Resources Rights of Coastal Village Women : A Case Study of the Women Divers' Work in Jeju Island

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 글은 제주도 잠수[잠녀, 해녀]들이 어떻게 오랫동안 과거의 어로방식을 지속하고 있는 지를 여성들의 해양자원에 대한 권리라는 맥락에서 살펴 본 것이다. 잠수들이 기계적 장치 없이 “물질”을 고수하고 있는 것은 해양 자원의 남획, 고갈을 막으며, 새로운 어로자의 출현으로 인한 기존 잠수들의 퇴출과 자원에 대한 권리가 약화되고, 주민들의 사회적 관계가 변화하는 것을 지양하기 때문이다. 해초채취 과정에서 나타나는 공동체적 어로는 마을어장을 공유하고 있는 개별주체(각 가구)들이 그들의 자원에 대한 권리가 상호 질적으로 공평히 이루어지도록 하는 가운데 형성되고 있는 것임을 기술하였다. 마을어장에서 ‘공유지의 비극’ 이 쉽사리 초래되지 않는 것은 물질이라는 어로방식과 바다에 대한 종교적 세계관, 어장을 관리 감독하는 자율적 조직 활동 등이 있기 때문이다. 잠수들의 “물질”은 과거의 잔존물이 아니라 해양자원에 대한 권리를 지속시키려는 여성들의 적극적인 어로라고 말할 수 있다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper reports on a study of communal-fishing(gathering) and resources rights of women-divers("Jamsu") in Jeju island. Based on a year-long fieldwork within the Jamsu community of Gimnyeong village in northeast of Jeju, it investigates the women divers' daily activities in the coastal water, their norms about coastal resources and conception of this important ecological and social arena.
The work of these women divers is called "Muljil" in Jeju, which refers to the plain-diving(breath-holding diving) activity to collect the shell-fish and seaweed from underneath the coastal water, which the divers think to be "Bedabat (maritime garden)". Mulgil is continued by women in the costal region over a long period of time. It is regarded as 'traditional' fishing method but connected international fishing market. This paper focused on that the Mulgil is sustainable work because of it's resources right.
The women divers have dealt with preservation of ocean resources through informal association "Jamsu-Hoe". They solidify each other for a protection from unforeseeable accident in the sea. The colleagues are forming the multiple relation which gives a help to daily life. For this reason their fishing method(plain-diving) is protected from new technology: skin-scuba, diving apparatus etc. Mujil involves competition of gathering among them if not destruct resources right.
Inhabitants(and Jamsu) are trying to find ways to share fair resources right. They have a rule of rotation of communal-gathering ground("maelojang") and additional efforts like giving food. Inhabitants look for equitable resources rights on the maelojang. And the right is accomplished take part in all together gathering work. So that they accomplish the "communal rights" which mean 'equivalent value qualitatively'.
Not only has Jamsu the exclusive rights about some maritime resources but also symbiosis relationship. Consequently it is hard to find the tragedy of the Commons in Jamsu village because of symbiosis relationship.
The divers work in the 'maritime garden' is mediated by the power of a sea goddess. The local actors conceptualize their relationship with the goddess in an idiom of descent and this conceptual kinship relation is demonstrated dramatically in the periodic rituals of Jamsukut, shamanic rituals for the divers. The rituals symbolize that they are the owner of maritime garden as descents.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 【초록】
• 1. 머리말
• 2. 마을의 개관
• 3. 잠수들의 수중 어로
• 4. 해초의 공동 채취
• 5. 자원에 대한 사회적 권리
• 6. 맺음말
• 참고문헌
• (Abstract)