This study aims to analyze the narrative conventions that the web-novel genre Ro-fan (Romance-fantasy) inherited from pre-existing genres and those it independently established. By examining these conventions, this study seeks to clarify Ro-fan's sign...
This study aims to analyze the narrative conventions that the web-novel genre Ro-fan (Romance-fantasy) inherited from pre-existing genres and those it independently established. By examining these conventions, this study seeks to clarify Ro-fan's significance as a distinct genre and assess its narrative and cultural value as a form of genre literature. Such analysis highlights the fact that Ro-fan is not merely an object of mass consumption but an independent literary genre that contributes to the sustainability and diversity of genre literature. Additionally, by investigating the context in which Ro-fan was marginalized and differentiated due to the distorted perception that "only male-oriented fantasy is the correct form of fantasy," this study aims to shed light on the misogyny pervasive in subcultures and the gender segregation within web-novels. For this purpose, the research focuses on posts in the free discussion board of Joara, a web-novel platform where many debates from the early formation period of the genre remain archived. To further examine the narrative conventions and gendered aspects of Ro-fan texts, the study also selects Young-ae-mul, a distinctive subgenre of Ro-fan characterized by its strong emphasis on hierarchical settings.
Chapter II traces the context in which Ro-fan branched out from fantasy through posts on Joara's free discussion board. In 2009, Joara, Korea's largest fantasy novel platform at the time, introduced the paid subscription service Noblesse, allowing readers to directly purchase and enjoy novels online. This service achieved significant success, leading to the monetization of mainstream fantasy novels featuring male protagonists. Consequently, fantasy novels with female protagonists, previously considered marginal, emerged as the mainstream content on the free serial platform. Readers of Joara began to recognize these works under the collective label Ro-fan. Some readers, opposed to the monetization of male-oriented fantasy and dissatisfied with Ro-fan's popularity, criticized Ro-fan for its romantic narratives, arguing that Ro-fan is "romance, not fantasy." These opponents sought to exclude feminine writing from the fantasy genre. To reinforce their stance, they grouped Ro-fan with other non-fantasy genres, attacked Ro-fan's unique conventions as immature, and actively acted against it by reporting Ro-fan novels posted on the platform. These actions also influenced Ro-fan's defenders, some of whom reluctantly accepted the criticism by attempting to evaluate whether Ro-fan met traditional fantasy standards or acknowledging critiques of immaturity. After years of conflict, Ro-fan began to circulate as an independent web-novel genre starting in 2015.
Chapter III explores the internal factors of genre differentiation by analyzing the narrative conventions in Young-ae-mul novels published during Ro-fan's institutionalization. Text analysis reveals four common conventions: (1) romantic narratives, (2) growth narratives, (3) royal court narratives, and (4) adventure narratives. Ro-fan employs the medieval European-inspired secondary world setting typical of fantasy genre to construct an "adventure narrative where women attain social status and honor through caregiving labor." By reinterpreting motifs from Cinderella folklore associated with the abused child archetype, Ro-fan develops "growth narratives of female hero who reclaim femininity through her mother." Meanwhile, influences from 'historical romance' can be observed in Ro-fan's romantic and royal court narratives. By overlapping the "tyrant" attribute found in both historical romance main male-characters and antagonistic figures in fantasy, Ro-fan builds a "romantic narrative in which a cruel tyrant is reformed through love, restoring social order." Additionally, the descriptive approach in court narratives—emphasizing the visual opulence of aristocratic clothing and meals—originates from historical romance. These descriptions originate from the intention of providing comfort to readers by expressing food, clothing, and shelter in detail, creating an exotic space, and escaping from daily life. It likely stems from the exoticism present in 20th-century comics targeted at women, which frequently featured "somewhere other than here" as the primary setting.
Ro-fan, unlike romance narratives that confine female subjectivity to heterosexuality or fantasy stories where power is seized in a masculine manner, has established an independent narrative structure wherein love is attained and honor is achieved through feminine values. The audience of fantasy novels negatively evaluated these Ro-fan narratives, attempting to exclude the unique femininity of Ro-fan from the fantasy genre. As a result, Ro-fan became separated from fantasy and evolved into an independent genre.
Although its identity was shaped in a negative context, Ro-fan holds significance in that it expanded the domain of women beyond what was addressed in romance and fantasy. This can be seen as a step forward within the constraints of genre literature, which is conservatively shaped by customs and norms.