국제공역 보호를 위한 항만국 관할권 = Port State Jurisdiction for the protection of the international public domain

국문 초록 (Abstract)

항만국 관할권은 주권행사지역인 자국의 항구에 자발적으로 들어온 자국 및 외국 선박에 대하여 공해 환경 보호와 관련된 국제법 규칙 위반 여부를 조사하고, 위반시 집행조치 또는 소송을 제기할 수 있는 권한을 말한다. 항만국 관할권은 해양법이 ``연안국 對 기국``이라는 기본 구도에서 탈피하고 있음을 보여준다. 즉, 국가들이 자국과 직접적인 관련이 없더라도 보편적 이익인 국제공역 보호를 위하여 행동할 필요가 있음을 자각한 것이다. 그러나 유엔해양법협약 제218조 1항이 의도한 이와 같은 혁신적 시도는 항만국이 공해상 불법 배출 선박에 대한 소송제기권한을 행사하지 않음으로써 성공하지 못하였다. 이러한 문제점을 인식하고 최근 국가들은 항만국 관할권을 재량사항에서 의무사항으로 발전시키고 있다. 국제협약과 지역수산기구는 편의항만국 발생을 방지하고, 국가들에게 공해상 불법·비보고·비규제 어업을 예방, 근절하기 위한 조치를 자국 항구에서 취할 것을 의무화하고 있다. 이로써 항만국 관할권은 공해 자원 보호를 위한 국제공동체 모든 구성원의 공동 책임이 실현되는 중요한 예로 탈바꿈하게 되었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Port State Jurisdiction means the power to investigate and institute proceedings against a foreign ship voluntarily entering the port when the ship allegedly violates international rules on the protection of the marine environment on the high seas. The development of this concept illustrates that fundamental framework of the law of the Sea breaks gradually from the ``confrontation between the coastal State and flag State``. Therefore, it is argued that States need to more actively act for the protection of an international public domain which belongs to universal interests, regardless of their own interests. However, such an innovative attempt that Article 218 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea intended is not so successful or at least looks perfunctory because of the indifferent attitudes of Port States to the jurisdiction. Any Port State does not exercise this permissive jurisdiction to institute legal proceedings regarding illegal vessel discharge on the high seas. In the response to these challenges, States agree to transform the concept of jurisdiction from the right to intervene into the obligation to intervene. This effort is achieved through the Agreement on Port State Measures adopted in the FAO in 2009 and the application of Port State measures in Regional Fisheries Management Organizations. Consequently, States are legally obliged to take measures to prevent and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing on the high seas while port of convenience practice is no longer allowed. Finally, the Port State Jurisdiction serves as one of the most meaningful examples which assume the common responsibility of the international community to protect the marine resources of the high seas.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 ITF,

2 국제해사기구 (IMO),

3 정진석, "해양환경보호와 항만국 통제" 대한국제법학회 48 (48): 8-210, 2003

4 임채현, "항만국관할권의 효율적 행사에 관한 연구" 한국해사법학회 20 (20): 153-180, 2008

5 "지역수산기구 회원국 현황에 대해서는 각 지역수산기구 웹사이트 및 FAO Fishery Governance Fact Sheets"

6 "조약법에 관한 비엔나 협약 제44조 3항"

7 박영길, "유엔해양법협약 상 해적의 개념과 보편적 관할권" 서울국제법연구원 18 (18): 47-80, 2011

8 "유엔해양법협약"

9 "세인트키츠 네비스: 해양영역에 관한 1984년 8월 30일자법률 제3호, section 29 §5, in UN Oceans and Law of the Sea"

10 "세인트루시아: 해양영역에 관한 1984년 7월 18일자 법률 제6호, section 29 §5, in UN Oceans and Law of the Sea"

11 "선박기인 오염방지를 위한 국제협약 및 1978년 의정서"

12 박현석, "새로운 國際慣習法規의 출현에 의한 旣存條約의 改廢 問題 -海洋法 判例의 검토를 중심으로-" 대한국제법학회 53 (53): 61-83, 2008

13 "벨리즈: 벨리즈의 영해, 내수 및 배타적 경제수역 및 관련 문제에 관한 1992년 1월 24일자 법률, 제24조 4항, in Nations Unies, Bulletin du droit de la mer, no. 21 ("

14 "마약 및 향정신성물질의 불법거래방지에 관한 유엔협약"

15 최지현, "대륙붕 한계 확장에 대한 제3국의 소제기 가능성 - 심해저 보호를 위한 actio popularis 제기 가능성을 중심으로 -" 대한국제법학회 57 (57): 181-205, 2012

16 SEAFO, "남동대서양수산기구 생물자원 보존협약"

17 오병선, "국제법상 시제법 문제에 대한 이론적 고찰" 대한국제법학회 57 (57): 55-85, 2012

18 이창위, "공해어업에 관한 분쟁해결 제도의 발전과 전망" 대한국제법학회 56 (56): 153-176, 2011

19 정인섭, "新국제법강의" 博英社 87-, 2010

20 J. Salmon, "“Désuétude” and “Caducité”" Dictionnaire de droit international public 143-330, 2001

21 Merchant Shipping (Prevention of Oil Pollution) Regulations, "in The Official Home of UK Legislation"

22 L. Lucchini, "Voelckel, Droit de la mer, tome 2, vol. 2" Pedone 342-, 1996

23 M.N. Nordquist, "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982: A Commentary, vol. 4" Martinus Nijhoff 261-, 1989

24 "UN Treaty Collection"

25 "UN Oceans and the Law of the Sea"

26 J.R. Crook, "U.S. Criminal Sanctions for High Seas Pollution by Foreign Vessels Entering U.S. Ports" 103 : 755-758, 2009

27 G. Nolte, "Third Report for the ILC Study Group on Treaties over Time" 64-, 2012

28 US Department of Justice, "Third Crewmember Pleads Guilty to Charges Related to Pollution from Cargo Shi" 2009

29 L.D.M. Nelson, "The Settlement of Disputes Arising From Conflicting Outer Continental Shelf Claims" 24 : 421-, 2009

30 R.R. Churchill, "The Law of the Sea, 3rd ed" Manchester University Press 352-, 1999

31 Sir G. Fitzmaurice, "Special Rapporteur" ILC Yearbook 48-, 1957

32 US Department of Justice, "Ship Operator Sentenced to Pay More Than $2 Million Fine for Concealing Pollution on the High Seas" 2009

33 US Department of Justice, "Ship Captain Sentenced to 10 Months Confinement for Obstruction, Environmental and Ship Safety Violations" 2009

34 South West Africa(Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), "Second Phase" 47-, 1966

35 CCAMLR, "Scheme to Promote Compliance by Non-Contracting Party Vessels with CCAMLR Conservation Measures" 5-, 2009

36 CCAMLR, "Scheme to Promote Compliance by Contracting Party Vessel with CCAMLR Conservation Measures" 18-, 2008

37 G, Scelle, "Règles générales du droit de la paix" 46 (46): 358-,

38 "Review Conference on the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks" 107-110, 2006

39 IATTC, "Resolution to Establish a List of Vessels Presumed to Have Carried Out Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing Activities in the Eastern Pacific Ocean" 9-, 2005

40 IOTC, "Resolution 01/03 Establishing a Scheme to Promote Compliance by Non-contracting Party Vessels with Resolutions Established by IOTC"

41 IATTC, "Resolution (amended) on Establishing a Program for Transhipments by Large-Scale Fishing Vessels" Annex 1-, 2011

42 ICCAT, "Recommendation by ICCAT for a Revised ICCAT Port Inspection Scheme"

43 ICCTA, "Recommendation Amending the Recommendation by ICCAT to Establish a List of Vessels Presumed to Have Carried Out Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing Activities in the ICCAT Convention Area"

44 H. Dipla, "Préservation du milieu marin versus liberté de la navigation: la lutte contre la pollution par les navires et les pouvoirs de l’Etat du port" 8 : 2003

45 US Department of Justice, "Portuguese Shipping Company and Two Employees Found Guilty of Environmental Crimes" 2008

46 Pew Environment Group, "Port State Performance: Putting Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing on the Radar" Pew Environment Group 3-, 2010

47 H.-S. Bang, "Port State Jurisdiction and Article 218 of the UN Convention on the Law of Sea" 40 : 303-309, 2009

48 T.L. McDorman, "Port State Enforcement: A Comment on Article 218 of the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention" 28 : 319-, 1997

49 CCAMLR, "Port Inspections of Vessels carrying Toothfish" 2-, 2009

50 the UN Secretary-General, "Oceans and the law of the sea" 36-, 2008

51 국제사법재판소(ICJ), "North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands)" ICJ 43-, 1969

52 ICJ, "Military and Paramilitary Activities in und against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America). Merits, Judgment of 27 June 1986" 111-, 1986

53 R.J. Dupuy, "L’espace océanique, In Dialectiques du droit international: souveraineté des Etats, communauté internationale et droits de l’homme" Pedone 208-, 1999

54 US Department of Justice, "Liberian Ocean Shipping Company Admits Falsifying Oil Discharge Record Books Company to Pay $1 Million Fine and $350,000 Community Service Payment" 2009

55 D. Vignes, "Le navire en droit international, In Société française pour le droit international, Colloque de Toulon, Le navire en droit international" Pedone 148-149, 1982

56 P. Daillier, "Le droit international public, 8e ed" LGDJ 254-, 2009

57 P.M. Dupuy, "La préservation du milieu marin, In Traité du nouveau droit de la mer" Economica 1023-, 1985

58 J.G. Mahinga, "La compétence de l’Etat du port en droit international public" 132 (132): 1112-1113, 2005

59 "ILC Yearbook vol. 2"

60 R. Churchill, "From Port State to Court State?: International Litigation as a Possible Weapon to Combat Sub-standard Ships, In Law of the Sea, Environmental Law and Settlement of Disputes: Liber amicorum Judge Thomas A. Mensah" Nijhoff 908-, 2007

61 "FAO"

62 SEAFO, "Establishing a List Of Vessels Presumed to Have Carried Out Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing Activities" 17-,

63 J. Combacau, "Droit international public, 9ème éd" Montchrestien 187-, 2010

64 "Directive 2009/123/EC, ibid., 제2조. 해당 Directive에 따른 EU 회원국의 국내 이행조치 현황은 EUR-Lex"

65 J. Wouters, "Desuetudo, in Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law"

66 NAFO, Conservation and Enforcement Measures, "Conservation and Enforcement Measures 2012, 제40조 2항"

67 E.J. Molenaar, "Coastal State Jurisdiction over Vessel-Source Pollution" Kluwer Law International 109-, 1998

68 Institut de droit international, "Cinquième commission - Résolution concernant les obligations et les droits erga omnes en droit international" 71 (71): 286-, 2006

69 L. de La Fayette, "Access to Ports in International Law" 11 : 22-, 1996

70 "2009년 불법․비보고․비규제 어업을 예방․방지 및 제거하기 위한 항만국 조치에 관한 협정 제1조 (f)"