고려전기의 양계제(兩界制)와 변경 = The System of Yanggyae(兩界) and the Border in the first half of Goryeo Dynasty

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article studies the demarcation process for the northern border of the Goryeo Dynasty in the first half of the kingdoms reign, while taking into account the significance of the Yanggyae System and its change during that period. Goryeo`s borders were eventually demarcated near the Yalu River(鴨綠江) in the northwest and by the territory of Seonchoonryong(先春嶺) of Gongheomjin(공험진) in the northeast. The demarcation is also connected to the birth of the Yanggyae System. The Yanggyae System played an important role in Goryeo`s relations with northern powers like the Kitan(契丹) and Yoejin(女眞). Moreover, it was crucial in the defense of Kaegyong(開京) in the north and the building of its border. In the early years of the Goryeo Dynasty, border demarcation mainly focused on the northwestern border near the Yalu River. However, it was not geographical considerations alone that led the dynasty to claim the Yalu River area as its border. Goryeo also considered Koguryo(高句麗) kingdom as part of its heritage and thus included ancient Koguryo land to its northeast in its concept of its border. This gave rise to continuous conflict between Goryeo and the Kitan. Compared to their relatively well-defined northwestern border, Goryeo`s northeastern border was weakly demarcated. This is attributable not only to the rudimentary nature of border awareness in the early Goryeo Dynasty but also to the kingdoms loose demarcation of its northeastern border. Goryeo`s self proclaim sovereignty over ancient Koguryo lands to the northeast spawned much conflicts with the Kitan and Yoejin. The construction of the Long Wall of Goryeo(高麗長城) proved a turning point in the early Dynasty`s border demarcation. It was a potent symbol of territorial awareness and a result of Goryeo policy regarding its northern regions. Meanwhile, skirmishes with the Northern Kitan and Yoejin powers continued. It was during the reign of Yaejong(肅宗) that Goryeo truly circumscribed its borders to a significant degree. In the year 1107, the dynasty expanded its territory to include Seonchoonryung of Gongheomjin by subjugating the general, Yoon-Galan(尹瓘). One hundred years later, Goryeo further solidified its border by acquiring the Yalu River area. This border continued to be accepted by Goryeo`s rulers until Dynasty`s end. Their territory awareness was likely reflected in the map that was supposedly drawn up during Goryeo`s time in power. Other instances of such awareness may be found in the Goryeo currency `Eunbyong(銀甁)`, which referred to Goryeo topography in 1101, the `Goryeojido(高麗地圖)` found in 1107, the Map drawn up during the reign of King Kongmin(恭愍王), and the `Goryeodo(高麗圖)`, which Lee-Cheom(李詹) is supposed to have seen during the early Chosun Dynasty. However, there are presently few existing materials that shed further light on understanding the borders of the reign of Goryeo Dynasty.