The evolution of molecular biology : the search for the secrets of life

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xi
• 1. Beginnings
• Prologue = 1
• Some Ancient Intuitions = 1
• Spontaneous Generation = 3
• Vitalism = 4
• The Demise of Vitalism = 5
• The Rise of Modern Biology = 5
• The Microscope Opens a New World = 6
• Epilogue = 8
• Further Reading = 8
• 2. The Origins of Biochemistry
• Prologue = 9
• Recognition of Proteins = 9
• Some Proteins Are Catalysts : Enzymes = 10
• What Enzymes Do, and Why It Is so Important = 11
• How Do Enzymes Work? = 13
• Proteins Fulfill Many Roles = 13
• What Are Proteins Made of? = 15
• Epilogue = 17
• Further Reading = 17
• 3. The Chemical Structure of Proteins
• Prologue = 19
• The Peptide Hypothesis = 19
• Colloid or Macromolecule? = 20
• Some Unexpected Results = 21
• Proteins as Homogeneous Polypeptides = 25
• Fred Sanger and the Sequence of Insulin = 29
• Epilogue = 30
• Further Reading = 31
• Classic Research Papers = 31
• 4. Proteins in Three Dimensions
• Prologue = 33
• Fibers = 33
• Globules = 39
• The First Globular Protein Structures = 40
• Epilogue = 43
• Further Reading = 44
• Books and Reviews = 44
• Classic Research Papers = 44
• 5. The Origins of Genetics
• Prologue = 45
• Classical Genetics and the Rules of Trait Inheritance = 45
• Friar Gregor Mendel Plants Some Peas = 45
• Mendel Formulates the Two Laws of Inheritance = 48
• Mendel's Laws have Extensions and Exceptions = 49
• Mendel Was Long Ignored = 50
• Darwin, Mendelism, and Mutations = 50
• Genes Are Arranged Linearly on Chromosomes and Can be Mapped = 51
• What Do Genes Do, and What Are They Made of? = 53
• Epilogue = 55
• Further Reading = 55
• Books and Reviews = 55
• Classic Research Papers = 55
• 6. Nucleic Acids
• Prologue = 57
• Miescher's Mysteries = 57
• The Chemical Structures of Nucleic Acids = 57
• "What is Life?" = 58
• DNA Carries Genetic Information = 60
• Mysterious Numbers = 61
• Epilogue = 62
• Further Reading = 62
• Books and Reviews = 62
• Classic Research Papers = 63
• 7. The Great Synthesis
• Prologue = 65
• Do Bacteria and Bacteriophage Have Genetics? = 65
• The Watson-Crick Model of DNA Structure Provided the Final Key to Molecular Genetics = 74
• Epilogue = 76
• Further Reading = 77
• Books and Reviews = 77
• Classic Research Papers = 77
• 8. How DNA is Replicated
• Prologue = 79
• What Is the Mode of Replication? = 79
• How Does Replication Proceed? = 80
• The Lagging-Strand Problem = 82
• Epilogue = 85
• Further Reading = 85
• Book and Reviews = 85
• Classic Research Papers = 86
• 9. The Central Dogma
• Prologue = 87
• Speaking in Different Languages = 87
• Intuiting a Dogma = 89
• Who Is the Messenger? = 90
• The Great Decade : 1952-62 = 92
• Epilogue = 93
• Further Reading = 94
• Books and Reviews = 94
• Classic Research Papers = 94
• 10. The Genetic Code
• Prologue = 95
• How Might a Code Function? = 95
• What Kind of Code? = 95
• What Were the Code Words? = 97
• The Code = 100
• Epilogue = 101
• Further Reading = 101
• Books and Reviews = 101
• Classic Research Papers = 101
• 11. Gene to Protein: The Whole Path
• Prologue = 103
• What Was Known in 1960? = 103
• Breakthrough = 105
• The Rest of the Story = 107
• Regulation of Transcription in Bacteria = 110
• Overview = 113
• Epilogue = 114
• Further Reading = 115
• Books and Reviews = 115
• Experimental Papers = 115
• 12. Eukaryotes Pose New Problems
• Prologue = 117
• What Is a Eukaryote? = 117
• The Origins of Eukaryotes = 118
• The Three Domains of Life = 120
• Interrupted Messages and Splicing = 122
• Every Cell Type Has Special Needs and Functions = 125
• Multiple Levels of Control = 125
• Chromatin and Nucleosomes = 126
• Too Much DNA? Junk DNA? = 129
• Epilogue = 131
• Further Reading = 132
• Books and Reviews = 132
• Classic Research Papers = 132
• 13. Development and Differentiation
• Prologue = 135
• Two Ideas About Development Dominated Thinking in Ancient Times = 135
• The Introduction of Scientific Approaches to the Field of Development = 136
• An Opportunity Missed? = 136
• What Do We Know About Development and Differentiation at Present? = 136
• ESC Serve as a Model for Pluripotency = 137
• The Molecular Basis of Differentiation and Development = 138
• The Maternal-Zygotic Transition = 138
• Genes Control Development : The Case for the Fruit Fly = 139
• Insights From a Simple Worm = 143
• Nuclear Transfer Experiments and the Principle of Genetic Equivalence = 143
• Genome Reprogramming Toward Earlier Phases of Development is Possible = 145
• Epilogue = 146
• Further Reading = 146
• Books and Reviews = 146
• Classic Research Papers = 147
• 14. Recombinant DNA : The Next Revolution
• Prologue = 149
• The Power of DNA Recombination = 149
• How to Clone DNA = 150
• Construction of Recombinant DNA Molecules Needs Restriction Endonucleases and Ligases = 150
• The First Recombinant DNA Molecules = 155
• Polymerase Chain Reaction and Site-Directed Mutagenesis = 157
• Manipulating the Genetic Content of Eukaryotic Organisms = 159
• CRISPR, the Gene-Editing Technology of Today and Tomorrow = 160
• Epilogue = 162
• Further Reading = 163
• Books and Reviews = 163
• Classic Research Papers = 163
• 15. Understanding Whole Genomes: Creating New Paradigms
• Prologue = 165
• The Evolution of Sequencing Methodology = 165
• Genomic Libraries Contain the Entire Genome of an Organism as a Collection of Recombinant DNA Molecules = 166
• There are Two Classic Approaches for Sequencing Large Genomes = 166
• Ultrafast Sequencing Allows Deep Analysis of Genomes = 167
• Whole Genomes = 167
• The Human Genome Project = 169
• ENCODE Results Raise Question. Whence Biology? = 170
• So, What Was Learned From ENCODE? = 171
• TFs Interact in a Huge Network = 172
• Where Is ENCODE Leading? = 172
• Attempts at a Contemporary Definition of a Gene = 173
• Epilogue = 179
• Further Reading = 180
• Books and Reviews = 180
• 16. Whole Genomes and Evolution
• Prologue = 181
• Evolutionary Theory : From Darwin to the Present Day = 181
• Classifying Organisms : Phylogenetics = 185
• Phylogenetics Goes Molecular = 185
• The Comparative Genomics Revolution = 186
• Tracing Human Evolution = 187
• Epilogue = 190
• Further Reading = 190
• Books and Reviews = 190
• 17. Practical Applications of Recombinant DNA Technologies
• Prologue = 193
• Catching Criminals and Freeing the Innocent = 193
• Production of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Recombinant Bacteria or Yeast = 195
• Genetic Engineering of Plants = 197
• Gene Therapy = 198
• A CRISPR Revolution? = 200
• Cloning of Whole Animals = 200
• Jurassic Park or Deextinction = 201
• Epilogue = 202
• Further Reading = 202
• Books and Reviews = 202
• Classic Research Papers = 203
• Glossary = 205
• Appendix : Nobel Prize Laureates That Have Contributed to the Development of Molecular Biology = 217
• Index = 223