예수의 공감 사역 = 마가복음의 σπλαγχνίζομαι를 중심으로

국문 초록 (Abstract)

예수의 존재는 인류에 대한 하나님의 공감의 표지이다. 예수의 사역을 통해 우리는 하나님의 마음을 또한 공감할 수 있다. 예수의 감성을 가장 세부적으로 풍부하게 묘사하는 복음서는 마가복음으로, 그 중 예수의 공감능력을 가장 잘 표현하는 단어는 ‘σπλαγχν?ζομαι’라고 할 수 있다. 이 단어는 어원적으로는 ‘함께 아파하다’의 의미로 한글성경에는 주로 ‘불쌍히 여기다’로 해석되었으나, 그 의미는 상대방의 상황에 자신을 대입하여 함께 체험하고 타인의 짐을 나누는 것이다. σπλαγχν?ζομαι동사는 마가복음에서 총 4번 사용된다(막1:41; 6:34; 8:2; 9:22). 그 중 광야에서 무리를 가르치고 먹이는 두 기적 사건(오병이어, 칠병이어)은 예수가 무리를 향한 공감의 마음과 그 능력, 그에 따른 신학적 메시지를 잘 대변하고 있다. 본 연구는 두 사건을 통해 예수가 표현한 공감의 정의와 성격, 그 배후의 신학을 살펴본다. 결론적으로, 오천 명, 사천 명을 먹이는 광야의 두 사건을 통해 드러나는 예수의 공감사역은 인류를 사랑하고 구원하시고자 하는 하나님의 아파하는 마음이 인류와 함께하고 있다는 것이고, 이스라엘의 역사 속에서 예언되었던 종말적 하나님 나라의 복음이 도래되었다는 것을 선포하는 것이며, 성, 계급, 인종, 문화 등의 편견의 경계선을 무너뜨리면서 차별 없는 하나님의 은혜를 전하고, 하나님의 공감의 마음으로 우리를 초대하는 신학인 것이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The existence of Jesus himself is the sign of God’s compassion for the human beings. The Gospel of Mark describes Jesus’ emotions best among the other Gospels in more detail and diverse ways. The Greek term, ‘σπλαγχν?ζομαι’ expresses Jesus’ compassion well, usually with divine characteristics in the Gospels. Mark uses this term four times in 1:41 (healing of the leprosy); 6:34 (feeding five thousands); 8:2 (feeding four thousands); and 9:22 (healing the spirit-seized boy). Among them, I choose two feeding stories in the wilderness (Mk 6:30-44; 8:1-10) because there is no doubt that two passages belong to original Markan text. Studying through two feeding stories, I examine the definition of Jesus’ compassion, its backgrounds, implied theologies, and challenging messages for today.
The term, σπλαγχν?ζομαι is originally from the noun, σπλαγχνον which means ‘inner part’ or ‘gut.’ Thus, this verb is translated as ‘feel from the gut’ or ‘suffer together from the heart’ which explains the meaning of compassion well. ‘Compassion’ is from the Latin word, ‘compassio’ which also means ‘suffer with.’ Two feeding stories utilize this term to describe Jesus and his mission. Jesus had compassion when he looked at the multitude because they were like “sheep without a shepherd” (6:34) and “had nothing to eat” (8:2). The first feeding story with a lot of Old Testament allusions and citations implies Jesus as the true shepherd who takes care of and leads his own sheep into the green grass, comforting them in the Messianic banquet that the prophets have proclaimed with eschatological hopes. The second feeding story has the same messages as the first. But what is different is that the first is provided for the Jews, and the second is for the Gentiles.
As a conclusion, Jesus’ compassion shows God’s compassion for human beings which is never exclusive at all. It is the sign of the Good News that the kingdom of God has already come and reached to all regardless of any sex, race, class, and culture etc. Jesus’ compassion also invites us to have the same compassion that God has shown through Jesus’ ministry because it is really first needed for today"s crisis on the earth for living together. Finally, Jesus’ invitation is simply this: “Be compassionate as your God is compassionate.”

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 초록
• I. 서론
• II. 본론
• III. 결론
• 참고문헌
• Abstract

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김용운, "하느님의 자비에 대한 이해: ‘Compassion’의 개념을 중심으로" 151 : 183-211, 2005

2 남한, "유대와 세 번째 인류" 문학수첩 2008

3 김성희, "상호변혁의 만남을 통한 여성신학적 선교모델, In 선교와여성신학" 프리칭 아카데미 2010

4 베르너 H. 켈버, "마가의 예수이야기" 한국신학연구소 1987

5 Marcus, Joel, "The Way of the Lord" Westminster/John Knox Press 1992

6 Wefald, Eric K., "The Separate Gentile Mission in Mark: A Narrative Explanation of Markan Geography, the Two Feeding Accounts and Exorcism" 60 : 3-26, 1995

7 Smith, Dennis E., "The Messianic Banquet Reconsidered, In The Future of Early Christians" Fortress Press 1991

8 Lane, W. L., "The Gospel of Mark, In NICNT 2" Eerdmans 1974

9 Donhaue, John R., "The Gospel of Mark" The Liturgical Press 2002

10 Hooker, Morna D., "The Gospel According to Saint Mark" Hendrickson Publishers 1991

11 Masuda, Sanae, "The Good News of the Miracle of the Bread: The Tradition and Its Markan Redaction" 28 : 191-219, 1982

12 Bammel, E., "The Feeding of the Multitude, In Jesus and the Politics of His day" Cambridge University Press 1984

13 Friedrich, Gerhard, "TDNT" WM B Eerdmans Publishing Company 1971

14 Wlarda, Timothy, "Story-Sensitive Exegesis and Old Testament Allusions in Mark" 49 (49): 489-504, 2006

15 Horsley, Richard A., "Popular Prophetic Movements at the Time of Jesus: Their Principal Features and Social Origins" 26 : 3-27, 1986

16 Smith, Dennis E., "Messianic Banquet, In Anchor Bible Dictionary" Doubleday 1992

17 Borg, J. Marcus, "Meeting Jesus Again for the First Time" HarperSan Francisco 1994

18 Marcus, Joel, "Mark 8-16" Yale University Press 2009

19 Grass, Joseph. A., "Loaves and Fishes: The Gospel Feeding Narratives" The Liturgical Press 1991

20 Fowler, Robert M., "Loaves and Fishes: The Foundation of the Feeding Story in the Gospel of Mark" Scholar Press 1981

21 Voorwinde, Stephen, "Jesus’ Emotions in the Gospels" T&T Clark 2011

22 Watts, Rikki E., "Isaiah’s New Exodus in Mark" Baker Academic 1997

23 Hatina, Thomas R., "In Search of a Context: The Function of Scripture in Mark’s Narrative" Sheffield Academic Press 2002

24 Trible, Phyllis, "God and the Rhetoric of Sexuality" Fortress Press 1978

25 Spencer, Scott, "Faith on Edge: The Difficult Case of the Spirit-Seized Boy in Mark 9:14-29" 107 : 419-424, 2010

26 Park, Jong Chun, "Ethic of Compassion and Economy of Love: Rethinking Confucian Economics as an Alternative to Global Capitalism" 4 : 77-101, 2007

27 Mauser, Ulrich W., "Christ in Wilderness" SCM Press 1963

28 Loader, William, "Challenged at the Boundaries: A Conservative Jesus in Mark’s Tradition" 63 : 45-61, 1996