Full-scale experimental evaluation of a panelized brick veneer wall system under simulated wind loading

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Brick veneer over steel stud backup wall is lighter and easier to construct compared to brick veneer over concrete masonry backup wall. However, due to the relatively low stiffness of the steel stud backup, the brick veneer tends to crack under wind load. This paper briefly introduces a new panelized brick veneer with steel frame backup wall system that is developed to potentially address this problem. The experimental study of the performance of this system under simulated wind loading is discussed in detail. The test setup details and the test specimens are introduced, results of major interests are presented, and performance of the new system is evaluated based on the test results.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Hohmann and Barnard, "www.h-b.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=1_8&products_id=12"

2 Fero, "http://www.ferocorp.com/pages/stud_shear/stud_shear.htm"

3 Minor, J.E, "Windborne Debris and the building envelope" 53 : 207-227, 1994

4 Kemp, G, "Wind technology to blow house down: the mechanics of replicating wind loads" 24-29, 2008

5 Letchford, C.W, "Wind pressure loading cycles for wall cladding during hurricanes" 53 : 189-206, 1994

6 Prevatt, D.O, "Wind load design and performance testing of exterior walls: current standards and future considerations, In Proceedings of Performance of Exterior Building Walls, ASTM STP 1422" ASTM International 2003

7 Holmes, J.D., "Wind Loading of Structures" Spon Press 2001

8 Marshall, T.P, "Tornado damage survey at Moore, Oklahoma" 17 (17): 582-598, 2002

9 Linegard, R.J, "The success of steel studs" Mag. Masonry Construct 87-88, 1990

10 Richardson, G.M, "The silsoe structures building: comparison between full-scale and windtunnel data" 51 : 157-176, 1994

11 Mousset, S, "The international aylesbury collaborative experiment in C.S.T.B" 23 : 19-36, 1986

12 Hansen, S.O, "The aylesbury experiment. comparison of model and full-scale tests" 22 : 1-22, 1986

13 Levitan, M.L, "Texas tech field experiments for wind loads Part II: meteorological instrumentation and terrain parameters" 43 (43): 1577-1588, 1992

14 Levitan, M.L, "Texas tech field experiments for wind loads Part 1: building and pressure measuring system" 43 (43): 1565-1576, 1992

15 Wilson, M.J, "Structural test results for full scale BV/SS" The Masonry Society, 1990

16 Postma, M.A, "Structural considerations in the remediation of brick veneer/steel stud wall systems" Department of Civil Engineering 1993

17 Chen, H, "Steel stud brick veneer wall design" 37-39, 2004

18 Trestain, T.W.J, "Steel Stud Brick Veneer Design Guide" Canadian Sheet Steel Building Institute 2008

19 ASTM International, "Standard Test Method for Water Penetration and Leakage Through Masonry"

20 ASTM International, "Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Doors, Skylights, and Curtain Walls by Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference"

21 ASTM International, "Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors by Cyclic Static Air Pressure Differential"

22 Memari, A.M, "Seismic response of a new type of masonry tie used in brick veneer walls" 16 (16): 397-407, 2002

23 Reneckis, D, "Seismic Performance of Anchored Brick Veneer, Newmark Structural Engineering Laboratory (NSEL) Report Series" 2009

24 Mehta, K.C., "Roof corner pressures measured in the field on a low building" 43 (43): 181-192, 1992

25 Uematsu, Y, "Review: wind pressures acting on low-rise buildings" 82 : 1-25, 1999

26 Carll, C, "Rainwater intrusion in light-frame building walls" Forest Products Society 2000

27 Straube, J, "Pressure moderation and rain penetration control" University of Waterloo 2001

28 Pantelides, C.P, "Postbreakage behavior of heat strengthened laminated glass under wind effects" 119 (119): 454-467, 1993

29 van de Lindt, J.W., "Performance of wood-frame structures during Hurricane Katrina" 21 (21): 108-116, 2007

30 Baskaran, B.A, "Performance of pressure equalized rainscreen walls under cyclic loading" 16 : 183-193, 1992

31 Henderson, C, "Performance of masonry during the middle tennessee tornadoes" 17 (17): 55-59, 1999

32 Choi, Y.H, "Performance of corrugated metal ties for brick veneer wall systems" American Society of Civil Engineers 16 (16): 202-211, 2004

33 Lindow, E.S, "Panelized wall construction: design, testing, and construction procedures, In Proceedings of Performance of Exterior Building Walls ASTM STP 1422" ASTM Internationa 2003

34 Reneckis, D., "Out-of-plane performance of brick veneer walls on wood frame construction" 26 : 1027-1042, 2004

35 LaTona, R.W, "New standard permits more realistic curtain wall testing" 1988

36 Ginger, J.D, "Net pressures on a low-rise full-scale building" 83 : 239-250, 1999

37 Tenwolde, A, "Moisture control strategies for the building envelope" 19 : 206-214, 1996

38 Xu, Y.L, "Model and full-scale comparison of fatigue-related characteristics of wind pressures on the texas tech building" 58 : 147-173, 1995

39 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), "Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and OtherStructures"

40 McGinley, W.M., "Masonry veneer and steel stud curtain walls" 1986

41 Yazdani, N., "Large wind missile impact capacity of residential and light commercial buildings" 11 (11): 206-217, 2006

42 ICC, "International Building Code" International Code Council 2006

43 Cochran, L.S, "Full- and model-scale cladding pressures on the Texas Tech University experimental building" 43 (43): 1589-1600, 1992

44 Yeatts, B.B, "Field experiments for building aerodynamics" 50 : 213-224, 1993

45 McGinley, W.M, "Façade inspection a must for both new and old buildings –- a case study of two high rise structures" 1 (1): 2004

46 Drysdale, R.G, "Exterior Wall Construction in High-rise Buildings –- Brick Veneer on Concrete Masonry or Steel Stud Wall Systems" Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation 1991

47 Memari, A.M, "Evaluation of Seismic Performance of Anchored Brick Veneer Walls, In Proceedings of Performance of Exterior Building Walls" ASTM International 2003

48 Liang, J, "Development of a multihazard resistant panelized brick veneer wall system" Penn State University, 2006

49 Taly, N., "Design of Reinforced Masonry Structures" McGraw-Hill 2000

50 KPFF Consulting Engineers, "Design Guide for Anchored Brick Veneer over Steel Studs"

51 Grimm, C.T, "Crack probability in brick masonry veneer over steel studs" The Masonry Society 1990

52 Suter, G.T., "Canadian research on the brick veneer/steel stud wall system" The Masonry Society 1990

53 Borchelt, J.G, "Building code requirements for brick veneer in seismic areas" 2004

54 The Masonry Standards Joint Committee (TMSJC), "Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures"

55 Gurevich, M, "Brick veneer, metal stud-backup of exterior wall system" 57 (57): 45-49, 2004

56 Hens, H., "Brick cavity walls: a performance analysis based on measurements and simulations" 31 : 95-124, 2007

57 Brick Industry Association, "Brick Veneer/Steel Stud Walls" 1999

58 Vickery, P.J., "Aylesbury and ACE: some interesting findings" 23 : 1-17, 1986

59 Kelly, T., "Analysis of the behavior of anchored brick veneer on metal stud systems subjected to wind and earthquake forces" The Masonry Society, 1990

60 Yi, J, "Analysis of load in ties in masonry veneer walls" 30 : 850-860, 2003

61 Reneckis, D, "Analysis of brick veneer walls on wood frame construction subjected to out-of-plane loads" 19 (19): 430-447, 2005

62 McGinley, W.M, "An alternative design for brick veneer steel stud walls" 18 (18): 9-22, 2000