르완다 ‘포용적’ 난민정책의 정치 = Politics of the ‘Inclusive’ Refugee Policy in Rwanda

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study is to find out how the Rwandan government has used refugee policy to manage domestic conflicts. Since the Burundian refugee crisis in 2015, Rwanda’s refugee policy has been refugee-friendly, providing social and economic status to refugees as well as ethnic-selective that only accepts Tutsi refugees or those who have been escaped from the suppression of an anti-Tutsi regime. This policy is attributed to the political elites’ interests which aim to maintain the current political power by securing ethnic predominance of the Tutsi.
As the victim and winner of the 1994 genocide and ethnic minority, the Tutsi elites, has sought to minimize and prevent rebellion and regime threat from the Hutu, the defeated and ethnic majority. This suggests that sub-Saharan African states prioritize domestic political factors when they determine their refugee policies, opposed to the myth that they will be vulnerable to external pressure. This study is significant to examine the politics refugee-friendly policy amid recent escalating conflicts over refugees worldwide. Furthermore, on the contrary to many other refugee policy research only dealt with well-developed Western countries, this study focused on a sub-Saharan case. By investigating a region underdeveloped as well as accepts and sends out refugees simultaneously, the study will contribute to better understand refugee issues and provide feasible solutions.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 르완다 정부가 국내 갈등 관리를 위해 난민정책을 어떻게 활용하였는지 밝히는 데 목적을 둔다. 2015년 부룬디 난민위기 이후 르완다의 난민정책은난민에게 사회적·경제적 지위를 부여하는 난민친화적인 동시에, 주변국의 투치족 난민 혹은 反투치적 정권의 탄압으로 발생한 난민만 수용하는 종족선별적인특성을 지닌다. 이러한 정책은 투치의 종족우위를 확보하여 현 정치체제를 유지하려는 르완다 정치엘리트들의 이해(interests)에 기인한다. 1994년 제노사이드의피해자이자 소수종족인 투치가 승리한 이후 다수종족인 후투족의 반군화 및 체제위협을 최소화할 필요성이 대두되었기 때문이다. 이는 사하라 이남 아프리카가난민정책을 결정할 때 외부압력에 취약할 것이라는 통념과 달리 국내정치적 요소를 우선시한다는 것을 보여준다. 본 연구는 최근 전세계적으로 난민을 둘러싼 갈등이 고조되는 가운데 난민친화정책을 살펴본다는 데 의의가 있다. 나아가 기존난민연구가 서구 선진국에만 주목한 것과 달리 저개발되고 난민의 수용과 배출이동시에 이루어지는 사하라 이남 아프리카 사례를 다룸으로써 난민 이슈를 보다잘 이해하고 실현가능한 문제 해결 방안을 마련하는 데 기여한다.

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