The early 20th-century buildings located on the Yonsei University campus, primarily constructed during the 1920s, represent a significant chapter in Korea’s architectural modernization. These buildings not only continue to fulfill educational and in...
The early 20th-century buildings located on the Yonsei University campus, primarily constructed during the 1920s, represent a significant chapter in Korea’s architectural modernization. These buildings not only continue to fulfill educational and institutional functions but also reflect the transition from traditional to modern construction techniques and materials. While several of these structures possess considerable historical and cultural value, their primary challenge today lies in reconciling preservation needs with the functional demands of contemporary use. Although some campus buildings have received official heritage designation, many others remain in active use without formal recognition, leaving them vulnerable to performance degradation and limited policy support. The dual necessity of preserving architectural authenticity while ensuring environmental and energy performance makes such buildings particularly complex to manage. This complexity is heightened by the lack of standardized technical guidelines for retrofitting historically significant yet operational academic structures. In response to such issues, there has been a growing emphasis on the sustainable use and adaptive upgrading of historically significant buildings rather than treating them solely as preservation objects. On university campuses like Yonsei, this perspective is especially relevant, as 1920s-era buildings continue to serve vital academic roles but lack the energy performance standards expected of modern educational facilities. However, as these buildings were originally constructed without consideration for energy efficiency, energy consumption for maintaining indoor environmental conditions remains inevitable. In Korea, legal standards for insulation in buildings were first introduced through the 1980 revision of the Enforcement Decree of the Building Act, meaning that modern and contemporary buildings constructed prior to this period generally exhibit inadequate insulation performance, posing substantial limitations on indoor environmental improvements.
To address these limitations and ensure the continued use of modern and contemporary heritage buildings, the implementation of a well-designed retrofit strategy is essential. While simple interior renovations may improve functional usability from a maintenance perspective, a systematic application of retrofit technologies is required for fundamental enhancements in building performance. Retrofit strategies primarily focus on improving functional and energy performance and encompass various technological applications, including high-performance glazing systems, advanced insulation techniques, high-efficiency HVAC systems, and LED lighting solutions. However, as the efficacy of retrofit interventions increases, the risk of altering the building’s original state also intensifies. Consequently, a strategic approach that carefully balances preservation requirements with energy efficiency improvements is imperative for modern and contemporary heritage buildings.
Modern and contemporary heritage buildings, unlike their contemporary counterparts, exhibit unique historical, cultural, and structural characteristics, complicating the generalization of their performance attributes. Many of these buildings have been operational for over 50 to 100 years, making it challenging to accurately evaluate the extent of performance degradation due to prolonged environmental exposure. Consequently, a thorough assessment of the building’s current condition is essential prior to implementing retrofit measures. To minimize alterations to the building’s original state, non-destructive analytical techniques should be employed during field investigations. However, a standardized methodology for assessing the performance and retrofit potential of modern and contemporary heritage buildings is still underdeveloped. As a result, comparative research in this domain is limited due to inconsistencies in analytical approaches and evaluation criteria across studies.
This study aims to establish a systematic retrofit strategy for modern and contemporary heritage buildings based on the regulatory frameworks and historical significance of the target buildings, as detailed in Chapters I and II. To achieve this, a detailed assessment of the buildings’ current conditions was conducted, followed by the derivation of individualized energy profiles and an analysis of building load dynamics, focusing on the thermal balance between heat gain and heat loss through the building envelope.
In Chapter III, the historically retained energy performance of historic buildings was examined to ascertain their unique energy profiles. The case study buildings, primarily brick structures without insulation, exhibited high thermal conductivity, resulting in significant indoor heat loss during winter and excessive overheating in summer. Thermal imaging analysis identified major heat loss areas, including window perimeters, exterior wall corners, and roofs. Additionally, buildings with low airtightness in windows showed a sharp increase in heating loads, highlighting the critical role of airtightness in thermal performance. To address these issues, internal insulation strategies were evaluated as a feasible approach for improving thermal performance while minimizing exterior modifications.
In Chapter IV, the impact of retrofit technology applications was assessed through energy modeling, thermal and moisture analysis, and economic evaluations. The results demonstrated that improving window performance enhanced airtightness by 35%, resulting in a 24% reduction in heating energy consumption and a 17% reduction in cooling energy demand. However, increased airtightness also led to higher indoor humidity levels, necessitating additional ventilation strategies to maintain indoor air quality. Further analysis of insulation materials revealed that high-moisture-resistant materials such as XPS and PF exhibited a higher risk of condensation, whereas moisture-permeable materials such as GW and MW effectively mitigated humidity-related issues. The economic analysis indicated that while high-performance insulation materials (e.g., PU) provided substantial energy savings, their high initial investment costs posed practical limitations. In contrast, XPS, PF, GW, and MW demonstrated shorter payback periods and favorable present values, making them viable options for large-scale retrofit projects.
In Chapter V, an optimal retrofit strategy was formulated based on analyses of cooling and heating loads, while incorporating essential preservation elements. The findings indicated that deficiencies in thermal insulation of exterior walls and low window airtightness were primary contributors to increased cooling and heating loads. Enhancing exterior wall insulation resulted in a 16.1% reduction in cooling loads, while improving window performance was crucial in reducing heating loads. The application of Low-E glass led to an 18.6% decrease in cooling loads, although heating loads exhibited a slight increase. Alternatively, adding a secondary window layer while retaining the original windows reduced cooling loads by 13.6% and minimized increases in heating loads.
This study holds significant implications as it systematically analyzes retrofit strategies tailored to enhance the energy performance of modern and contemporary heritage buildings and proposes practical solutions for real-world applications. By conducting in-depth evaluations on specific structural types, an optimized retrofit approach was developed, emphasizing not only energy efficiency improvements but also the importance of preserving historical and architectural authenticity. Future research will expand to a broader range of structural typologies and validate the efficacy of these retrofit strategies through empirical studies, thereby contributing to the preservation and sustainable utilization of modern and contemporary heritage buildings.