Development of the Korean Handwriting Assessment for Children Using Digital Image Processing = Development of the Korean Handwriting Assessment for Children Using Digital Image Processing

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The efficiency and accuracy of handwriting measurement could be improved by adopting digital image processing. This study developed a computer-based Korean Handwriting Assessment tool. Second graders participated in this study by performing writing tasks of consonants, vowels, words, and sentences. We extracted boundary parameters for each letter using digital image processing and calculated the variables of size, size coefficient of variation (CV), misalignment, inter-letter space, inter-word space, and ratio of inter-letter space to inter-word space. Children were also administered traditional handwriting and visuomotor tests. Digital variables from image processing were correlated with these previous tests. Using these correlations, we established a three-point scoring system that computed test scores for each variable. We analyzed inter-rater reliability between the computer rater and human rater and test-retest reliability between the first and second performances. The validity was examined by analyzing the relationship between the Korean Handwriting Assessment and previous handwriting and visuomotor tests. We suggested the Korean Handwriting Assessment to measure size, size consistency, misalignment, inter-letter space, inter-word space, and space ratio using digital image processing. This Korean Handwriting Assessment tool proved to have reliability and validity. It is expected to be useful for assessing children’s handwriting.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 임경민, "학령기 아동의 글씨쓰기 평가도구 개발" 대한작업치료학회 26 (26): 103-118, 2018

2 S. H. Chang, "The preliminary development of computer-assisted assessment of Chinese handwriting performance" 108 (108): 887-904, 2009

3 J. Phelps, "The children's handwriting evaluation scale for manuscript writing" 25 (25): 247-254, 1988

4 C. J. Daly, "Relationship between visual-motor integration and handwriting skills of children in kindergarten : A modified replication study" 57 (57): 459-462, 2003

5 T. H. Falk, "On the development of a computer-based handwriting assessment tool to objectively quantify handwriting proficiency in children" 104 (104): e102-e111, 2011

6 C. M. Schneck, "Occupational Therapy for Children and Adolescents" Mosby 498-524, 2014

7 J. Reisman, "Minnesota Handwriting Assessment" Psychological Corporation 1999

8 T. S. Lee, "Manual of National Institute of Special Education-Basic Academic Competence Tests (writing)"

9 E. Bieber, "Manual function outcome measures in children with developmental coordination disorder(DCD) : Systematic review" 55 : 114-131, 2016

10 V. W. Berninger, "Language by hand : A synthesis of a decade of research on handwriting" 12 : 11-25, 1998

11 M. S. Sin, "Korean version of Learning Disability Evaluation Scale: K-LEDS" Hakjisa 2007

12 K. J. Kwak, "Korean Wechsler Intelligent Scale for Children" Hakjisa 2011

13 S. B. Moon, "Korean Developmental Test of Visual Perception" Hakjisa 2003

14 K. S. Park, "KISE- Basic Academic Achievement Test"

15 S. Graham, "Issues in handwriting instruction" 25 (25): 1-14, 1992

16 D. Marr, "Handwriting readiness : Locatives and visuomotor skills in the kindergarten year" 3 (3): 884-891, 2001

17 M. B. Racine, "Handwriting performance in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)" 23 (23): 399-406, 2008

18 M. J. M. Volman, "Handwriting difficulties in primary school children : A search for underlying mechanisms" 60 (60): 451-460, 2006

19 A. Overvelde, "Handwriting development in grade 2 and grade 3 primary school children with normal, at risk, or dysgraphic characteristics" 32 (32): 540-548, 2011

20 S. Graham, "Handwriting and spelling instruction for students with learning disabilities : A review" 22 (22): 78-98, 1999

21 A. F. Maeland, "Handwriting and perceptual-motor skills in clumsy, dysgraphic and ‘normal’ children" 75 (75): 1207-1217, 1992

22 M. H. Tseng, "Construct validity of the tseng teacher handwriting checklist" 1 (1): 90-102, 1994

23 S. W. Shin, "Comparative study upon the characteristics of writing between the patients with writing disabilities and normal elementary school students" 12 (12): 51-70, 2001

24 D. McCutchen, "Cognitive processes in children’s writing : Developmental and individual differences" 1 (1): 123-160, 1995

25 S. T. Hwang, "Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration" Koreapsychology 2016

26 H. J. Park, "Basic Academic Skills Assessment"

27 L. Bender, "A visual motor gestalt test and its clinical use" American Orthopsychiatric Association 1938

28 A. W. Blote, "A longitudinal study on the structure of handwriting" 72 (72): 983-994, 1991