Employment and conditions of work in water, gas and electricity supply services

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION = 1
• CHAPTER Ⅰ : GENERAL BACKGROUND = 3
• Economic and social importance of water, gas and electricity = 3
• Water = 6
• Electricity and gas = 7
• Recent technological changes = 10
• Organisation and legal status of the services = 12
• Legal status of staff = 18
• Privatisation = 21
• CHAPTER Ⅱ : EMPLOYMENT = 26
• General employment trends = 26
• Total employment = 26
• Occupational distribution = 30
• Part-time employment = 33
• Future employment trends = 34
• Manpower constraints = 38
• Employment of women = 41
• Geographical distribution of staff and hardship areas = 44
• Training facilities = 46
• CHAPTER Ⅲ : LABOUR-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS = 52
• Freedom of association and trade union rights = 53
• Collective bargaining and collective agreements = 57
• Joint consultation and worker participation in decisions at the level of the undertaking = 61
• Methods of dispute settlement = 66
• The right to strike = 68
• Complaints to the ILO Governing Body Committee on Freedom of Association = 71
• CHAPTER Ⅳ : WORKING TIME = 74
• Normal hours of work = 74
• Overtime and actual hours of work = 77
• Rest periods = 82
• Breaks = 82
• Weekly rest = 84
• Annual paid leave and public holidays = 85
• Distribution of hours of work and flexible work schedules = 89
• Night work, shift work and other inconvenient work schedules = 92
• Problems encountered and the effects of new technologies = 96
• CHAPTER Ⅴ : REMUNERATION = 99
• Pay structures = 99
• Pay rates and pay scales = 99
• International comparisons = 104
• Effect of technical change = 106
• Comparison with pay levels in other economic sectors = 108
• Pay differentials between men and women = 109
• Pay comparisons between public and private sector = 114
• Composition of remuneration = 117
• Allowances = 117
• Irregular or inconvenient hours of work = 118
• Allowances for work under dangerous or difficult conditions = 119
• Other work-related allowances = 120
• Indirect remuneration = 120
• Housing = 120
• Bonuses and gratuities = 121
• Other forms of indirect remuneration = 121
• CHAPTER Ⅵ : OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH = 123
• Water supply services = 123
• Sewage services = 126
• Sewers and sewerage systems = 126
• Sewage treatment plants = 129
• Gas supply services = 130
• Main hazards = 131
• Maintenance problems = 132
• National experience = 133
• Electricity supply services = 134
• Main hazards = 134
• Four basic rules = 135
• New developments = 136
• Common factors = 138
• General situation in member States = 140
• CHAPTER Ⅶ : SUGGESTED POINTS FOR DISCUSSION = 151
• General background = 151
• Employment = 151
• Labour-management relations = 151
• Work time = 152
• Remuneration = 152
• Occupational safety and health = 153
• TABLES
• 1. Indices of production for the electricity, gas and water sector and for the mining and manufacturing industries by major economic regions, 1973 and 1984 = 4
• 2. Indices of production for the electricity, gas and water sector and for the mining and manufacturing industries by country, 1978 and 1985 = 5
• 3. Trends in per capita consumption of electricity and gas by region, 1980-83 = 8
• 4. Share of industry, transport and the domestic sector in electric power consumption, 1983 = 8
• 5. Organisation of water, gas and electricity supply services : Public-private mix = 15
• 6. Total employment and female employment in electricity, gas and water, selected countries, 1978 and 1985 = 27
• 7. Employment in electricity, gas and water as a percentage of total employment in all activities in selected countries = 29
• 8. Percentage distribution of the economically active population in electricity, gas and water and in manufacturing according to occupational groups prior to 1980 and／or for the latest year available = 31
• 9. Normal hours of work = 75
• 10. Normal weekly hours of work of engineers (male) and office clerks (male and female) in electric light and power and in selected other industries = 78
• 11. Average change in hours actually worked per worker per year in selected European countries = 83
• 12. Length of minimum annual paid leave = 86
• 13. United Kingdom : Electricity supply industry - Schedule salary scales for professional and administrative staff grades (PAG) = 101
• 14. Electricit$$e'$$ de France - Gaz de France : Theoretical level of remuneration = 103
• 15. Comparison of wage rates for selected occupations in electric light and power = 105
• 16. Comparison of wage rates of engineers (male) in electric light and power and in other selected industries = 110
• 17. Comparison of wage rates of office clerks in electric light and power and in other selected industries = 111
• 18. Comparison of wage rates of production and related workers (male) in electric light and power and in other selected industries = 112
• 19. Comparison of wage rates of labourers (male) in eletric light and power and in other selected industries = 113
• 20. Federal Republic of Germany : Comparison of monthly pay and total remuneration under collective agreements in member associations of the Confederation of Employers' Associations of Energy and Public Utility Enterprises (VAEU) and in the public service = 116
• 21. United States : Occupational injury incidence rate by industry in 1982 and 1983 = 149