한국 도교사에 보이는 도참과 비기의 위상문제-조선시대를 중심으로 = The Status of Docham and Bigi in the History of Korean Taoism

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Docham means prediction of the future made with political intention, and several Docham predictions are found in the history of Korean Taoism. In particular, it was predicted in Taoist books during the Joseon Dynasty that the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 and the Manchu Invasion of Korea in 1636 would break out and Taoism would be restored during the late Joseon Dynasty. However, such predictions are close to simple foretellings of the future instead of Docham predictions as they didn’t have political intention and were not used for assertive behavior in real life.
Especially, the Bigi (secret writings) which said that Chinese Taoism would be restored in Korea 800 years later was invented by putting those words into the mouth of Zhongli Quan, at a time when Taoism was on the verge of extinction due to the government policy to give preference to Confucianism during the Joseon Dynasty. In other words, such stories were fabricated by the Taoists who sought the truth and tried to protect the religion, wishing for the restoration of Taoism in Joseon with the trend of the belief in Guan Yu which was unexpectedly transmitted from Ming China after the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592.
However, strictly speaking the Docham, which appeared in the history of Korean Taoism, merely reflected the situation of the times and was neither related to the essence of Taoism nor originated from Taoism. Because while Docham is essentially political prediction of the future, Taoism only respects hermits and pursues longevity and there is no reason for Taoism to participate in real politics or make predictions with political intention. In this sense, it would be accurate to say that the essence of the prediction of the future appearing in the Taoism of the Joseon Dynasty was an expression of the power to foretell the future which was a result of the practice of Taoists or the expression of their will to protect the religion so that they could protect their Taoism traditions against outside pressure.

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