주비 선야 혼천, 고대의 언천체자(言天體者) 3가 다시 보기 - 천체력 기년원리 궁구 과정의 첫 번째 발걸음【3/3】 - = The Review on the Three Expert Groups of Zhou-Bi(周髀), Xuan-Ye(宣夜) and Hun-Tian(渾天) That Developed Cosmology in the Ancient East - The First Step to Investigate the Tiantili(天體曆) Year-Marking Principle【3/3】 -

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper is a study conducted out of the need to consider the principles of the ancient Oriental Tiantili(天體曆: a calendar made with the sidereal period of Jupiter and the Sun) year-marking system(紀年). Through the analyzing process into the relevant data in the classics, the true nature of the discussion on the universe developed by the three ancient expert groups, that is, the Gài-tian(蓋天: cosmography with the cover-shaped sky over the flat earth) school, the Xuan-ye(宣夜) school, and the Hun-tian(渾天: cosmography with the ball-shaped sky surrounding the earth) school, was examined. The Gai-tian(蓋天) school is also called the Zhou-bi(周髀) school, named after their scripture Zhoubi-Suanjing(『周髀算經』: an astronomical calculation book written in ancient China). It is known that it argued that the Sun, the Moon and five stars rotated from the left(This is to say the east direction.) to the right(This is to say the west direction.) following the direction of the sky’s movement, but actually, it was not different from the Hun-tian(渾天) school. Regarding that the story of an ant and a millstone has been told often as a representative example of the movements of heavenly bodies of the Gai-tian(蓋天) school for a long time, the concept has also been proved not to belong to it originally. The theory that the structure of the universe consists of qi(氣: the power as the origin in the formation of all creatures in Oriental philosophy), which has been said to be the argument by the Xuan-ye(宣夜) school, was reflected to the Hun-tian(渾天) theory as it was. With regards to which, I have assumed that the discussion of qi(氣), that was a trend in Han(漢) Dynasty, was accepted by each scholar who approved those two theories. Both in the Han Dynasty and in the present, there is no clear substance of the Xuan-ye(宣夜) school and its theory. The Hun-tian(渾天) school secured the ability to directly calculate the angle of the Chinese zodiac constellations, and moreover, added more advanced understandings of the celestial bodies under the assumption of the ball-shaped sky. The Hun-tian(渾天) school can be said to have had a historically preceding-following relation with the Zhou-bi(周髀) school rather than a relative and competitive relation. Lastly, the calculated angle of the zodiac constellation around BC.450 in the record of the Volume of Lu-li-zhi(「律曆志」) in Hanshu(『漢書』) has been estimated to be the data not created by China itself, but introduced from outside of China. Furthermore, the discussion to help expand the scope of the viewpoints on the three expert groups that developed their own cosmology, which have been said to have done activities in ancient China, was introduced.

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