사전예방원칙의 정책 유형과 사회문화적 맥락에 대한 고찰: 유럽 및 미국 위험정책을 중심으로 = Policy Typology and Sociocultural Context of the Precautionary Principle in EU and U.S. Risk Policy

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study analyzes risk policies of genetically modified organisms (GMO), mad cow disease, and terror from two dimensions of the precautionary principle. First, policy typology explores the relationship between the risk policies and five policy types of the precautionary principle as follows: foresight and monitoring of risk, risk aversion, reversed burden of proponents, public participation, and right to know. Second, this study looks into the regulatory culture and social context of the precautionary principle. The results of this study are as follows. EU policies associated with GMO and mad cow disease are preoccupied with the foresight and monitoring of risk, risk aversion, and right to know, but lack public participation. The U.S. counter-terror policy focuses on risk aversion and reversed burden of proponents, but tends to lack both public participation and right to know. Secondly, the precautionary principle constructed by EU policies is not anti-scientific but seeks a more rigorous science or cost-benefit analysis. However, the precautionary principle related to U.S. counter-terror policy is far from technocratic and does not adequately consider cost-benefit. Moreover, there is difference in social context between GMO and mad cow disease as far as the institutionalization of PP in the EU. U.S. counter-terror policy implemented a stronger precautionary principle.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 두 가지 차원에서 사전예방원칙과 관련된 유전자변형생물체(GMO), 광우병, 그리고 테러정책을 분석하였다. 첫째, 사전예방원칙에 대한 정책 유형학적 분석으로 사전예방원칙의 정책유형을 미래위험 예측 및 모니터링, 위험회피, 수익자부담, 시민참여, 알권리로 분류하고, 해당 위험정책들이 사전예방원칙의 어떤 정책유형과 관련되는 지를 살펴보았다. 둘째, 본 연구는 사전예방원칙의 규제문화와 사회적 맥락에 대해 고찰해 보았다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 유럽의 GMO 및 광우병관련 위험정책은 미래의 위험평가 및 모니터링, 위험회피, 알권리의 정책을 많이 제도화하고 있으나, 시민참여의 수준은 낮다. 미국의 대테러정책에서는 위험회피와 수익자부담관련 정책이 주로 추진되었으며 시민참여와 알권리의 정책들은 매우 미흡하다. 둘째, 광우병 및 GMO관련 유럽의 사전예방원칙은 반과학이 아니며 보다 엄격한 과학 또는 비용-편익 분석을 추구하고 있다. 하지만 테러관련 미국의 사전예방원칙은 기술관료주의와 거리가 있으며 정책의 비용-편익을 충분히 고려하지 않았다. 더불어 유럽의 GMO와 광우병정책에 사전예방원칙이 도입되는 데는 사회적 맥락에 따른 차이가 있으며, 테러정책사례의 경우 미국이 보다 강력한 사전예방원칙을 실천하였다.

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