케임브리지 학파의 지성사와 역사주의 정치학

국문 초록 (Abstract)

반 세기 전 케임브리지 대학교 역사학과에서 존 포칵, 존 던, 퀜틴 스키너가 야심차게 품었던 지성사의 기획은, 적어도 영미 학계에서는, 이제 어엿한 역사학의 한 분야가 되었다. 이들의 연구방법인 언어 맥락주의와 연구 결과인 공화주의 이론은 정치학 분야에서도 상식이 된지 오래다. 그러나 애석하게도 이들이 가졌던 본래의 문제 의식에 대한 면밀한 검토는 아직까지 찾아보기 힘들다. 본 논문은 케임브리지 학파의 문제 의식이 전간기 독일에서와 유사하게 영국에서도 불붙은 ‘역사주의 위기’ 논쟁을 통해 형성되었다고 주장하고자 한다. 특히 본 논문은 휘그 사관과 실증 사관의 사이에서 비판적 종합을 시도했던 허버트 버터필드, 로빈 콜링우드, 마이클 오크숏의 선구자적 노력에 주목한다. 이들은 전자의 목적론적 역사 인식에 대한 후자의 공격에 찬동하면서도 후자의 과도한 사실 숭배도 경계했다. 이들은 과거가 현재와 다를 수밖에 없는 이유로 두 가지를 꼽았다. 첫째는 사고 방식의 차이로, 이는 케임브리지 학파의 언어 맥락주의의 기초가 되었다. 둘째는 역사 속 사건이 필연적 인과 관계가 아니라 시간적 선후 관계로 연결되어 있기 때문이다. 케임브리지 학파에게도 역사는 의도하지 않은 결과로 점철되어 있는 우연의 세계였다. 이들이 보기에, 전통적인 정치사상사 연구와 마르크스주의 사관은 모두 다양한 상황 전개가 얼마든지 가능한 역사의 불확정적 본질을 무시하고 있었다. 본 논문은 과거와 다른 현재를 강조하는 케임브리지 학파의 역사주의 인식에서 현재와 다른 미래를 꿈꾸는 급진 정치의 가능성을 점쳐보고 마치고자 한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The project of intellectual history, as ambitiously conceived by John Pocock, John Dunn and Quentin Skinner at the history department of Cambridge University half a century ago, has become a recognised speciality area of history, at least in Anglo_American academia. Their distinctive methodology of linguistic contextualism and repubilcan political theory, their most notable finding, are now common knowledge even in Politics. Unfortunately, however, what had originally propelled them has seldom been subject to careful scrutiny. This paper traces the intellectual origins of the Cambridge School to the ‘crisis of historicism’ debate that raged in Britain, as in Germany, during the Interwar period. In particular, I draw attention to the pioneering efforts of Herbert Butterfield, Robin Collingwood and Michael Oakeshott in critically synthesising Whig history and historical positivism. Although they supported the positivist attack on the teleology of Whig history, they equally disapproved the positivist obsession with facts. The present, they instead argued, differs from the past for two main reasons: first, due to the difference in thoughts, and second, because the relationship between events in history is not that of necessary causality but that of temporal sequence. The former became the basis for the School’s linguistic contextualism. And also, the School’s trio, likewise, viewed history as a world studded with unintended consequences. They opposed both the traditional approach to the history of political thought and Marxist history for failing to understand that history is open-ended. This paper concludes by looking into the possiblity of radical politics in the School’s historicist position. As the present differs from the past, so will the future.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 논문요약
• Ⅰ. 서론 : 역사학으로의 귀환
• Ⅲ. 역사주의의 형성과 전파
• Ⅲ. 역사주의의 확산 : 철학과 과학
• Ⅳ. 현재주의의 부활 : 정치철학과 마르크스주의
• Ⅴ. 케임브리지 학파의 지성사와 역사의 우연성
• Ⅵ. 결론 : 케임브리지 학파의 역사주의 정치학
• 참고문헌
• Abstract

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