The Effects of Note-Taking as Stimuli on Inner Speech in L2 Process Writing = The Effects of Note-Taking as Stimuli on Inner Speech in L2 Process Writing

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Researchers of second language (L2) writing have adopted and tested first language (L1) writing research designs and emphasized the similarities between first language and second language composing processes (Arndt, 1987; Jacobs, 1982; Jones & Tetroe, 1987; Raimes, 1985; Zamel, 1983). These studies investigated how writers' L1 writing process transfers to and is reflected in L2 writing process.
In line with this approach, the present study focuses on the process-oriented ESL writing and seeks to apply Vygotsky's concept of "inner speech" to the analysis of the ESL composing process.
Thirty-three students (age range 13 to 15 years old) participated in this study. The participants were divided into two groups: the experimental group (N= 18) and the control group (N= 15). The participants in the experimental group were asked to take notes throughout the composition process (which included brainstorming, drafting, revision, and rewriting). The control group was given the task to write a composition process without note-taking. Immediately after the completion of the task, the participants from the experimental group were interviewed. The results of our study amount to the following conclusions: 1) Writers' writing mean score increased through process writing with note-taking and there was a significant difference between the experimental and the control groups; 2) Brainstorming as a prewriting stage correlates with the dimensions of L2 writing (Focus/Idea, Organization, Voice, Word Choice, Sentence, and Convention). Specifically, organization yielded a high correlation with brainstorming; at the same time, no significant correlation was observed with voice and sentence; 3) The students in the experimental group with note-taking instruction produced better scoring in their post-writing task. That is, the substantial difference between pre-writing and post-writing was shown in organization, while there was no difference in voice. This study implies that process writing has an important role in students' L2 writing. Furthermore, inner speech is emerged consistently, when the writing productions are produced in L2 process writing. Inner speech continues to develop in complex cognitive operations.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. Introduction 8
• 1. Background 8
• 2. Research Purpose 9
• Ⅱ. Literature Review 12
• 1. Theoretical Studies 12
• 1.1. Process Writing 12
• 1.2. Vygotsky's View of Inner Speech 14
• 1.3. Vygotsky's View of Private Speech 16
• 1.4. Cognitive Effort during Note-Taking 18
• 2. Empirical Studies 19
• 2.1. Studies on the Effects of Prewriting in L2 Writing 19
• 2.2. Studies on the Effects of Inner Speech in L2 Writing 21
• Ⅲ. Methodology 24
• 1. Participants 24
• 2. Writing Tasks and Instruments 24
• 2.1. Writing Tasks 25
• 2.2. Instruments 25
• 2.2.1. Pre-Writing Test 26
• 2.2.2. Brainstorming for Pre-Writing Task in Composition Writing 26
• 2.2.3. Note-Taking Instruction in Composition Writing 27
• 2.2.4. Immediate Stimulated Recall Interview 27
• 2.2.5. Writing Rubric 28
• 3. Procedures 28
• Ⅳ. Results and Discussion 31
• 1. The Effects of the Writing Process on L2 Writing 31
• 1.1. The Results of the Analytical Scoring of the Two Groups 32
• 1.2. Qualitative Analysis of Students' Writing on L2 Process Writing 33
• 2. The Effects of Brainstorming on L2 Process Writing 39
• 2.1. Analytical Scores in Pre-test and Post-test 39
• 2.2. Qualitative Analysis of Brainstorming in the Process of L2 Writing 40
• 3. The Effects of Note-Taking as Stimuli of Inner Speech on L2 Process Writing 43
• 3.1. Analytical Scoring between the Two Groups 43
• 3.2. Qualitative Analysis of the Effect of Note-Taking on Students' Writing Process 47
• Ⅴ. Conclusions 52
• References 57
• Abstract in Korean 69
• Appendix A 72
• Appendix B 73
• Appendix C 74
• Appendix D 75
• Appendix E 76
• Appendix F 77
• Appendix G 78
• Appendix H 79
• Appendix I 80
• Appendix J 81
• Appendix K 82
• Appendix L 83
• Appendix M 84
• Appendix N 85