Neutrino physics

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xiii
• Notation = xv
• 1 Important historical experiments = 1
• 1.1 'The birth of the neutrino' = 1
• 1.2 Nuclear recoil experiment by Rodeback and Allen = 4
• 1.3 Discovery of the neutrino by Cowan and Reines = 4
• 1.4 Difference between $$ν_e$$ and $$\bar v_e$$ and solar neutrino detection = 5
• 1.5 Discovery of parity violation in weak interactions = 7
• 1.6 Direct measurement of the helicity of the neutrino = 10
• 1.7 Experimental proof that $$ν_μ$$ is different from $$ν_e$$ = 11
• 1.8 Discovery of weak neutral currents = 12
• 1.9 Discovery of the weak gauge bosons W and Z = 14
• 1.10 Observation of neutrinos from SN 1987 A = 16
• 1.11 Number of neutrino flavours from the width of the $$Z^0$$ = 16
• 2 Properties of neutrinos = 19
• 2.1 Helicity and chirality = 19
• 2.2 Charge conjugation = 22
• 2.3 Parity transformation = 23
• 2.4 Dirac and Majorana mass terms = 24
• 2.4.1 Generalization to n flavours = 28
• 2.5 Lepton number = 29
• 2.5.1 Experimental status of lepton number violation = 30
• 3 The standard model of particle physics = 33
• 3.1 The V-A theory of the weak interaction = 33
• 3.2 Gauge theories = 35
• 3.2.1 The gauge principle = 36
• 3.2.2 Global symmetries = 38
• 3.2.3 Local(＝ gauge) symmetries = 39
• 3.2.4 Non-Abelian gauge theories(＝ Yang-Mills theories) = 40
• 3.3 The Glashow-Weinberg-Salam model = 41
• 3.3.1 Spontaneous symmetry breaking and the Higgs mechanism = 44
• 3.3.2 The CKM mass matrix = 48
• 3.3.3 CP violation = 49
• 3.4 Experimental determination of fundamental parameters = 51
• 3.4.1 Measurement of the Fermi constant $$G_F$$ = 51
• 3.4.2 Neutrino-electron scattering and the coupling constants gv and gA = 52
• 3.4.3 Measurement of the Weinberg angle = 58
• 3.4.4 Measurement of the gauge boson masses $$m_W$$ and $$m_Z$$ = 59
• 3.4.5 Search for the Higgs boson = 61
• 4 Neutrinos as a probe of nuclear structure = 64
• 4.1 Neutrino beams = 64
• 4.1.1 Conventional beams = 64
• 4.1.2 $$ν_τ$$ beams = 69
• 4.1.3 Neutrino beams from muon decay = 69
• 4.2 Neutrino detectors = 70
• 4.2.1 CDHS = 70
• 4.2.2 NOMAD = 71
• 4.2.3 CHORUS = 72
• 4.3 Total cross section for neutrino-nucleon scattering = 73
• 4.4 Kinematics of deep inelastic scattering = 75
• 4.5 Quasi-elastic neutrino-nucleon scattering = 77
• 4.5.1 Quasi-elastic CC reactions = 78
• 4.5.2(Quasi-)elastic NC reactions = 79
• 4.6 Coherent, resonant and diffractive production = 81
• 4.7 Structure function of nucleons = 83
• 4.8 The quark-parton model, parton distribution functions = 84
• 4.8.1 Deep inelastic neutrino proton scattering = 85
• 4.9 y distributions and quark content from total cross sections = 90
• 4.9.1 Sum rules = 93
• 4.10 Charm physics = 95
• 4.11 Neutral current reactions = 98
• 4.12 Neutrino cross section on nuclei = 101
• 5 Neutrino masses and physics beyond the standard model = 105
• 5.1 Running coupling constants = 106
• 5.2 The minimal SU(5) model = 107
• 5.2.1 Proton decay = 110
• 5.3 The SO(10) model = 111
• 5.3.1 Left-right symmetric models = 113
• 5.4 Supersymmetry = 114
• 5.4.1 The minimal supersymmetric standard model(MSSM) = 115
• 5.4.2 R-parity = 117
• 5.4.3 Experimental search for supersymmetry = 117
• 5.5 Neutrino masses = 121
• 5.5.1 Neutrino masses in the electroweak theory = 121
• 5.5.2 Neutrino masses in the minimal SU(5) model = 122
• 5.5.3 Neutrino masses in the SO(10) model and the seesaw mechanism = 123
• 5.5.4 Neutrino masses in SUSY and beyond = 124
• 5.6 Neutrino mixing = 124
• 6 Direct neutrino mass searches = 127
• 6.1 Fundamentals of β-decay = 127
• 6.1.1 Matrix elements = 129
• 6.1.2 Phase space calculation = 131
• 6.1.3 Kurie plot and ft values = 133
• 6.2 Searches for $$m_{\bar v_e}$$ = 136
• 6.2.1 General considerations = 136
• 6.2.2 Searches using spectrometers = 137
• 6.2.3 Cryogenic searches = 141
• 6.2.4 Kinks in β-decay = 142
• 6.3 Searches for m$$ν_e$$ = 144
• 6.4 m$$ν_μ$$ determination from pion-decay = 145
• 6.5 Mass of the $$ν_τ$$ from tau-decay = 146
• 6.6 Electromagnetic properties of neutrinos = 147
• 6.6.1 Electric dipole moments = 148
• 6.6.2 Magnetic dipole moments = 149
• 6.7 Neutrino decay = 151
• 6.7.1 Radiative decay νH → νL ＋ γ = 152
• 6.7.2 The decay νH → νL ＋ $$e^＋$$ ＋ $$e^－$$ = 154
• 6.7.3 The decay νH → νL ＋ x = 154
• 7 Double β-decay = 156
• 7.1 Introduction = 156
• 7.2 Decay rates = 161
• 7.2.1 The 2νββ decay rates = 161
• 7.2.2 The 0νββ decay rates = 164
• 7.2.3 Majoron accompanied double β-decay = 166
• 7.3 Nuclear structure effects on matrix elements = 167
• 7.4 Experiments = 170
• 7.4.1 Practical considerations in low-level counting = 172
• 7.4.2 Direct counting experiments = 172
• 7.4.3 Geochemical experiments = 177
• 7.4.4 Radiochemical experiments = 179
• 7.5 Interpretation of the obtained results = 179
• 7.5.1 Effects of MeV neutrinos = 181
• 7.5.2 Transitions to excited states = 182
• 7.5.3 Majoron accompanied decays = 182
• 7.5.4 Decay rates for SUSY-induced 0νββ-decay = 182
• 7.6 The future = 183
• 7.7 $$β^＋$$$$β^＋$$-decay = 184
• 7.8 CP phases and double β-decay = 185
• 7.9 Generalization to three flavours = 186
• 7.9.1 General considerations = 186
• 8 Neutrino oscillations = 190
• 8.1 General formalism = 190
• 8.2 CP and T violation in neutrino oscillations = 193
• 8.3 Oscillations with two neutrino flavours = 194
• 8.4 The case for three flavours = 195
• 8.5 Experimental considerations = 197
• 8.6 Nuclear reactor experiments = 199
• 8.6.1 Experimental status = 200
• 8.6.2 Future = 206
• 8.7 Accelerator-based oscillation experiments = 206
• 8.7.1 LSND = 207
• 8.7.2 KARMEN = 209
• 8.7.3 Future test of the LSND evidence-MiniBooNE = 209
• 8.8 Searches at higher neutrino energy = 210
• 8.8.1 CHORUS and NOMAD = 211
• 8.9 Neutrino oscillations in matter = 215
• 8.10 CP and T violation in matter = 218
• 8.11 Possible future beams = 218
• 8.11.1 Off-axis beams and experiments = 219
• 8.11.2 Beta beams = 220
• 8.11.3 Superbeams = 220
• 8.11.4 Muon storage rings-neutrino factories = 220
• 9 Atmospheric neutrinos = 222
• 9.1 Cosmic rays = 222
• 9.2 Interactions within the atmosphere = 224
• 9.3 Experimental status = 230
• 9.3.1 Super-Kamiokande = 230
• 9.3.2 Soudan-2 = 239
• 9.3.3 MACRO = 239
• 9.4 Future activities-long-baseline experiments = 242
• 9.4.1 K2K = 242
• 9.4.2 MINOS = 244
• 9.4.3 CERN-Gran Sasso = 245
• 9.4.4 MONOLITH = 247
• 9.4.5 Very, large water Cerenkov detectors = 248
• 9.4.6 AQUA-RICH = 248
• 10 Solar neutrinos = 250
• 10.1 The standard solar model = 250
• 10.1.1 Energy production processes in the Sun = 250
• 10.1.2 Reaction rates = 254
• 10.1.3 The solar neutrino spectrum = 255
• 10.2 Solar neutrino experiments = 260
• 10.2.1 The chlorine experiment = 262
• 10.2.2 Super-Kamiokande = 264
• 10.2.3 The gallium experiments = 266
• 10.2.4 The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory(SNO) = 269
• 10.3 Attempts at theoretical explanation = 271
• 10.3.1 Neutrino oscillations as a solution to the solar neutrino problem = 271
• 10.3.2 Neutrino oscillations in matter and the MSW effect = 272
• 10.3.3 Experimental signatures and results = 280
• 10.3.4 The magnetic moment of the neutrino = 281
• 10.4 Future experiments = 286
• 10.4.1 Measuring $${}^7$$Be neutrinos with the Borexino experiment = 287
• 10.4.2 Real-time measurement of pp neutrinos using coincidence techniques = 288
• 11 Neutrinos from supernovae = 290
• 11.1 Supernovae = 290
• 11.1.1 The evolution of massive stars = 291
• 11.1.2 The actual collapse phase = 294
• 11.2 Neutrino emission in supernova explosions = 299
• 11.3 Detection methods for supernova neutrinos = 301
• 11.4 Supernova 1987A = 302
• 11.4.1 Characteristics of supernova 1987A = 304
• 11.4.2 Neutrinos from SN 1987A = 308
• 11.4.3 Neutrino properties from SN 1987A = 310
• 11.5 Supernova rates and future experiments = 315
• 11.5.1 Cosmic supernova relic neutrino background = 316
• 11.6 Neutrino oscillations and supernova signals = 316
• 11.6.1 Effects on the prompt $$ν_e$$ burst = 318
• 11.6.2 Cooling phase neutrinos = 319
• 11.6.3 Production of r-process isotopes = 319
• 11.6.4 Neutrino mass hierarchies from supernove signals = 320
• 11.6.5 Resonant spin flavour precession in supernovae = 325
• 12 Ultra-high energetic cosmic neutrinos = 327
• 12.1 Sources of high-energy cosmic neutrinos = 327
• 12.1.1 Neutrinos produced in acceleration processes = 328
• 12.1.2 Neutrinos produced in annihilation or decay of heavy particles = 332
• 12.1.3 Event rates = 334
• 12.1.4 ν from AGNs = 334
• 12.1.5 ν from GRBs = 337
• 12.1.6 Cross sections = 340
• 12.2 Detection = 344
• 12.2.1 Water Cerenkov detectors = 349
• 12.2.2 Ice Cerenkov detectors-AMANDA, ICECUBE = 353
• 12.2.3 Alternative techniques-acoustic and radio detection = 355
• 12.2.4 Horizontal air showers-the AUGER experiment = 356
• 13 Neutrinos in cosmology = 361
• 13.1 Cosmological models = 361
• 13.1.1 The cosmological constant A = 365
• 13.1.2 The inflationary phase = 367
• 13.1.3 The density in the universe = 368
• 13.2 The evolution of the universe = 370
• 13.2.1 The standard model of cosmology = 370
• 13.3 The cosmic microwave background(CMB) = 376
• 13.3.1 Spectrum and temperature = 376
• 13.3.2 Measurement of the spectral form and temperature of the CMB = 377
• 13.3.3 Anisotropies in the 3 K radiation = 378
• 13.4 Neutrinos as dark matter = 382
• 13.5 Candidates for dark matter = 382
• 13.5.1 Non-baryonic dark matter = 382
• 13.5.2 Direct and indirect experiments = 386
• 13.6 Neutrinos and large-scale structure = 386
• 13.7 The cosmic neutrino background = 390
• 13.8 Primordial nucleosynthesis = 391
• 13.8.1 The process of nucleosynthesis = 392
• 13.8.2 The relativistic degrees of freedom $$g_{eff}$$ and the number of neutrino flavours = 396
• 13.9 Baryogenesis via leptogenesis = 397
• 14 Summary and outlook = 401
• References = 406
• Index = 432