Wind energy into the future: The challenge of deep-water wind farms

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In 2019, 5.6% of the total energy produced worldwide came from wind. Offshore wind generation is still a small portion of the total wind generation, yet its growth is exponential. Higher availability of sites, larger producibility and potentially lower environmental impacts make offshore wind generation attractive. On the other hand, as the water depth increases, fixed foundations are no more viable, and the new frontier is that of floating foundations. This paper brings an overview of why and how offshore wind energy should move deep water; it contains material from the Keynote Lecture given by the first author at the ACEM20/Structures20 Conference, held in Seoul in August 2020. The paper is organized into four sections: the first giving general concepts about wind generation especially offshore, the second and the third considering economic and technical aspects, respectively, of offshore deep-water wind generation, in the fourth, some challenges of floating offshore wind generation are presented and some conclusions are drawn.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 International Energy Agency, "World Energy Outlook 2019" 2019

2 Vendula Betakova, "Wind turbines location: How many and how far?" Elsevier BV 151 : 23-31, 2015

3 Bayati, I., "Wind tunnel validation of AeroDyn within LIFES50+ project:imposed Surge and Pitch tests" 753 : 2718-2729, 2016

4 Wind Europe, "Wind energy in Europe in 2018, Trends and Statistics" 2019

5 International Electrotechnical Commission, "Wind energy generation systems- part 3-2: design requirements for floating offshore wind turbines"

6 Manwell, J. F., "Wind Energy Explained: Theory, Design Application" John Wiley &Sons 2010

7 Ian D. Bishop, "Visual assessment of off-shore wind turbines: The influence of distance, contrast, movement and social variables" Elsevier BV 32 (32): 814-831, 2007

8 Babarit, A, "Theoretical and numerical aspects of the open source BEM solver NEMOH" 2015

9 María Isabel Blanco, "The economics of wind energy" Elsevier BV 13 (13): 1372-1382, 2009

10 Eva Topham, "Sustainable decommissioning of an offshore wind farm" Elsevier BV 102 : 470-480, 2017

11 Robertson, A. N., "Summary of conclusions and recommendations drawn from the DeepCwind scaled floating offshore wind system test campaign" 2013

12 Musci, E., "Study of Dynamic Behavior of a Spar Buoy turbine through the calibration and verification of the Sesam numerical model" Politecnıco di Bari 2014

13 Anja Eide Onstad, "Site Assessment of the Floating Wind Turbine Hywind Demo" Elsevier BV 94 : 409-416, 2016

14 Maienza, C., "Sensitivity analysis of cost parameters for floating offshore wind farms: an application to Italian waters" 1669 (1669): 012019-, 2020

15 Environmental Design and Research, "Seascape and Shoreline Visibility Assessment. Cape Wind Energy Project" 2006

16 Ikhennicheu, M, "Review of the state of the art of dynamic cable system design"

17 Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21th century, "Renewables 2020 Global Status Report" 2020

18 International Renewable Energy Agency, "Renewable energy technologies: cost analysis series" 2012

19 Bachynski, E. E., "Real-time hybrid model testing of floating wind turbines: sensitivity to limited actuation" 80 : 2-12, 2015

20 Ioannou, A., "Parametric CAPEX, OPEX, and LCOE expressions for offshore wind farms based on global deployment parameters" 13 (13): 281-290, 2018

21 Kumar, V., "Optimization of offshore wind farm installation procedure with a targeted finish date" Delft University of Technology 2017

22 Jasak, H., "OpenFOAM: A C++ library for complex physics simulations" 2007

23 Johansen, S.S, "On digital twin condition monitoring approach for drivetrains in marine applications" 2019

24 Sullivan, R. G., "Offshore wind turbine visibility and visual impact threshold distances" 15 (15): 33-49, 2013

25 Musial, W.D., "Offshore Wind Technologies Market Report" National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL) 2018

26 Chakrabarti, S., "Offshore Structure Modeling" World Scientific 1994

27 Vardaroglu, M., "Numerical Modelling of the MIT/NREL TLP Wind Turbine and Comparison with the Experimental Results" 1669 (1669): 012015-, 2020

28 NREL, "NREL Paves the Way for Floating Offshore Wind Semisubmersible Model Validation" Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)

29 NREL, "NREL Analyzes Floating Offshore Wind Technology for Statoil" National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL)

30 Laura Castro-Santos, "Methodology to calculate the installation costs of offshore wind farms located in deep waters" Elsevier BV 170 : 1124-1135, 2018

31 Laura Castro-Santos, "Methodology to Calculate the Costs of a Floating Offshore Renewable Energy Farm" MDPI AG 9 (9): 324-, 2016

32 Heather R. Martin, "Methodology for Wind/Wave Basin Testing of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines" ASME International 136 (136): 020905-020909, 2014

33 Castro-Santos L., "Methodology Related to the Development of the Economic Evaluation of Floating Offshore Wind Farms in Terms of the Analysis of the Cost of Their LifeCycle Phases" Universidade da Coruña 2013

34 Maienza, C., "Life cycle economic assessment of floating offshore wind farms" Università della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” 2020

35 Bjerkseter, C, "Levelised cost of energy for offshore floating wind turbine concepts" Norwegian University of Life Sciences 2013

36 de Oliveira, W. S., "Investment analysis for wind energy projects" 19 : 239-285, 2013

37 Jamieson, P., "Innovative Turbine Concepts-Multi-Rotor System" INNWIND, EU 2014

38 Nielsen, F. G., "Hywind. Deep offshore wind operational experience" 2013

39 Tomaselli, P. D., "Hybrid Modelling for Engineering Design of Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations - Model Coupling and Validation" 2020

40 Kealy, T., "How Profitable are Wind Turbine Projects? An Empirical Analysis of a 3.5 MW Wind Farm in Ireland" 2 (2): 58-63, 2015

41 Chakrabarti, S., "Handbook of Offshore Engineering (2-volume set)" Elsevier 2005

42 Van Hertem, D., "HVDC grids: for offshore and supergrid of the future" John Wiley &Sons 2016

43 M. Dicorato, "Guidelines for assessment of investment cost for offshore wind generation" Elsevier BV 36 (36): 2043-2051, 2011

44 Liapis, S., "Global performance of the Perdido spar in waves, wind and current: Numerical predictions and comparison with experiments" 2010

45 Nilsson, D., "Floating Wind Power in Norway-Analysis of Opportunities and Challenges" Lund University 2014

46 Kealy, T., "Financial appraisal of a small scale wind turbine with a case study in Ireland" 8 (8): 620-627, 2014

47 Jimenez-Martinez, M., "Fatigue of offshore structures: A review of statistical fatigue damageassessment for stochastic loadings" 132 : 2020

48 Palmeri, A., "Fatigue analyses of buildings with viscoelastic dampers" 94 (94): 377-395, 2006

49 Jonkman, J.M., "Fast User’s GuideUpdated August 2005" National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL) 2005

50 Quancard, R., "FLOTANT D.4.2 – Design Brief: Specifications of a generic wind turbine" INNOSEA, MARIN, EU 2020

51 Ryan Wiser, "Expert elicitation survey on future wind energy costs" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 1 (1): 2016

52 Giuseppe Roberto Tomasicchio, "Experimental modelling of the dynamic behaviour of a spar buoy wind turbine" Elsevier BV 127 : 412-432, 2018

53 Riefolo, L., "Experimental Tests on the Wave-Induced Response of a Tension Leg Platform Supporting a 5 MW Wind Turbine" 27 : 599-612, 2018

54 Denis Matha, "Efficient preliminary floating offshore wind turbine design and testing methodologies and application to a concrete spar design" The Royal Society 373 (373): 20140350-, 2015

55 Heidari, S., "Economic modelling of floating offshore wind power: Calculation of levelized cost of energy" Malardalen University 2017

56 Previsic, M., "Economic Methodology for the Evaluation of Emerging Renewable Technologies"

57 Baita-Saavedra, "Economic Aspects of a Concrete Floating Offshore Wind Platform in the Atlantic Arc of Europe" MDPI AG 16 (16): 4122-, 2019

58 Vardaroglu, M., "Dynamic Behavior of Tension Leg Platform Floating Wind Turbines" Università della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” 2021

59 Fowler, M. J., "Design and testing of scale model wind turbines for use in wind/wave basin model tests of floating offshore wind turbines" 2013

60 Bak, C., "Description of the DTU 10 MW Reference Wind Turbine" DTU Wind Energy 2013

61 Gaertner, E., "Definition of the IEA 15-Megawatt offshore reference wind turbine" National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL) 2020

62 Jonkman, J., "Definition of a 5-MW reference wind turbine for offshore system development" National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL) 2009

63 Italian Ministry of Economic Development, "Decreto interministeriale 4 luglio 2019. Incentivi per fonti rinnovabili" 2019

64 Italian Ministry of Economic Development, "Decreto interministeriale 23 giugno 2016. Incentivi per fonti rinnovabili diverse dal fotovoltaico" 2016

65 Austreng, K. R., "Decommissioning Programme for Hywind Scotland Pilot Park" National Statoil 2017

66 "DNVGL-ST-0119m Floating Wind Turbine Structures"

67 "DNVGL-RP-0286 , Coupled Analysis of Floating Wind Turbines"

68 Beyer, F., "Coupled MBS-CFD simulation of the IDEOL floating offshore wind turbine foundation compared to wave tank model test data" 2015

69 Stehly, T., "Cost of Wind Energy Review" National Renewable Energy Laboratory 2016

70 Limpo, J., "Contributions to an electrical and economic assessment of offshore wind energy in shallow waters: Application to a Portuguese site" 1 (1): 246-252, 2014

71 Ali Nematbakhsh, "Comparison of wave load effects on a TLP wind turbine by using computational fluid dynamics and potential flow theory approaches" Elsevier BV 53 : 142-154, 2015

72 Zhen Gao, "Comparative numerical and experimental study of two combined wind and wave energy concepts" Elsevier BV 1 (1): 36-51, 2016

73 안당, "Comparative evaluation of different offshore wind turbine installation vessels for Korean westesouth wind farm" 대한조선학회 9 (9): 45-54, 2017

74 Raphael Ebenhoch, "Comparative Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis" Elsevier BV 80 : 108-122, 2015

75 Enze, C. R., "Auger TLP design, fabrication, and installation overview" 1994

76 Avossa, A. M., "Assessment of the peak response of a 5MW HAWT under combined wind and seismic induced loads" 9 (9): 1525-, 2017

77 Alberto Maria Avossa, "Assessment of the Peak Response of a 5MW HAWT Under Combined Wind and Seismic Induced Loads" Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. 11 (11): 441-457, 2017

78 Scott, K. E., "An assessment of the sensitivity and capacity of the Scottish seascape in relation to offshore windfarms" Scottish Natural Heritage 2005

79 Ramkumar Kandasamy, "A review of vibration control methods for marine offshore structures" Elsevier BV 127 : 279-297, 2016

80 Mahmood Shafiee, "A parametric whole life cost model for offshore wind farms" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 21 (21): 961-975, 2016

81 Kaltvedt, E. C., "A parametric study of variable deck load for drilling vessels" University of Stavanger 2014

82 Anastasia Ioannou, "A lifecycle techno-economic model of offshore wind energy for different entry and exit instances" Elsevier BV 221 : 406-424, 2018

83 Maienza, C., "A life cycle cost model for floating offshore wind farms" 266 : 114716-, 2020

84 Maienza, C., "A comparative analysis of construction costs of onshore and shallow-and deep-water offshore wind farms" 27 : 440-453, 2018

85 National Renewable Energy Laboratory, "2015 Cost of Wind Energy Review" 2015