The Altar of Great Gratitude: A Korean Memory of Ming China under Manchu Dominance, 1704–1894

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

With emphasis on the Korean performance at a special altar designed to pay tribute to thememory of Ming emperors, this paper looks at the way in which Korean elites under Manchudominance recalled Ming China and actually summoned the ghosts of Ming emperors untotheir political stage. From the early sixteenth century, Ming China had been honored inChosŏn as the suzerain-father, with the result that the Ming became the object for Chosŏnfilial piety as well as loyalty. Chosŏn’s submission to the Manchus in 1637, however, forcedan ideological crisis upon the Chosŏn leadership since the country’s compromise with theManchus meant that the Chosŏn king and court officials had violated two primary Confucianvalues, those of loyalty and filial piety, on which the ruling mechanism of the dynasty hadbeen based. The establishment of the Altar of Great Gratitude (Taebodan) within a Chosŏnroyal palace in 1704 was designed to offset the violation and visibly demonstrate Chosŏn’srighteous obligations to the fallen Ming regardless of the real geopolitical circumstances.
Thereafter, Chosŏn kings regularly performed sacrifices for three Ming emperors on the anniversariesof those emperors’ deaths. These rituals continued until Seoul was occupied by theJapanese in 1894 on the eve of the Sino-Japanese War, implying that mainstream Chosŏnelites under Manchu dominance still sought to live spiritually under an imaginary Mingorder.

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