1990년대 이후 영국 노동당 정부의 로컬거버넌스 정책-헤게모니 문제와 시민참여민주주의 평가 = Local Governance Policy of English Labour Party after 1990s: Estimating Hegemony and Citizen Participation Democracy

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article aims to analyse the problem of local governance in U. K focused with critical metatheory of the neo-Gramscian strategic-relational approach of Bob Jessop and Neil Brenner etc. The case of English local governance represents the politics and administration of local by subnational dimension based on regional community that promoting civil participation and economic growth. The local governance emphasizes the autonomy and decentralization, but in reality the nation state's institution has not lost its hierarchical meaning and real power. Rather the nation state space becomes the object of multiple national project and is operating on the comprehensive restructuring by variable, non-determinative multiscalar system. The space of Local Governance is managed by hegemonic and counter-hegemonic composition of accumulation and regulation of neo-liberal global capital, and that is the production of occasional social action and struggle in dominant socio-political forces. Especially urban space is a kind of strategic scale which is in search of structural and selective institutionalisation as an interactive political constructions. And this strategy also has triggered multiple representative discoursal competitions. But in discourse of local governance, there re not all the representations aligned with neo-liberalism. But also the counter-hegemonical resistance and negation and inter-selective theories.
Recently some explainations have stressed on the meanings and aspects of the reorganisation and restructuring of nation state in multiscalar scale politics of integral state that is composed by the national structure and social force. So it is inclined to the convergence of the notion of state as a reality involving the dialectical interacted contradiction, dilemma and string in multiscalar territorial spaces and networks. In the rescaling, process of multiscalr nation state, the discoursal hegemony is not grasped only by global capital or the power of nation state, but also selected and composed or dispersed the values of imaginations and symbols in the concrete circumstance by citizen participation of a society and the representative democracy. Although in local governance space, the driving force of globalisation intervenes through mediation, itself is a site of political spatiality where scale, place, network are operating and contesting. So the special spatiality is no more predominant, and then participants are directed toward participation and democracy by the method of complex and diverse social movement.
The space of local governance is that which is in permanent competition and moving and operating in the interactive context of local-national-global. But the strategic relational approach implies the negative element suggesting administrative practice that is more favorable to explain the appearance of the mode of hegemonic relations. In reality, the autonomy and hegemony of local governance in Neo-Gramscian strategic relations are stressed only as discourses. So there are some doubts on the reality of the hegemonic relational approach between nation state and local.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 연구는 영국의 로컬거버넌스에 주목하여, 밥 제솝과 닐 브렌너의 신그람시주의 전략관계적 접근이라는 비판적 메타이론으로 접근하였다. 전략관계적 접근에서 로컬거버넌스 공간은 지방자치와 지방분권의 이름으로 부단히 경쟁하고 움직이며 글로벌-국가-로컬이 상호영향을 끼치며 작동하는 공간이다. 로컬거버넌스 공간은 조절체계의 ‘문화적’ 역동성 특히 자본 축적과 조절이 헤게모니 및 반-헤게모니적 구성으로 작동하며, 지배적인 사회정치적 힘 가운데서 집단적 사회적 행동과 투쟁의 우연적 산물이다. 특히 도시공간규모는 능동적 정치적 구성물로서 구조적이고 선택적 제도화가 추구되는 전략적 공간규모로서 탐구대상이다. 그러나 로컬거버넌스가 자치와 분권을 강조하지만 국민국가의 제도가 위계적 의미나 장악력을 상실한 것은 아니다. 기존 국가공간이 광범한 국가 기획 대상으로서 가변적이고 비결정적인 다중공간규모적 제도의 위계에서 작동할 뿐이다.
로컬거버넌스 담론에서 신자유주의 축적과 조절 전략은 다양한 표상적 담론 경쟁을 촉발시켰다. 그러나 거기에 신자유주의에 동조하는 표상만 존재하는 것은 아니다. 반-헤게모니적 저항 협상과 상호선택 담론 역시 표명된다. 국가구조와 사회세력이 통합적 국가를 형성하고 주형하는 과정에서 국가재조직과 경제재구조화에서 공간규모의 정치가 작동하는 양상과 의미에 관한 설명은 국가를 영토, 공간, 장소 및 관계망의 변증법적 상호작용으로 모순과 난관 그리고 긴장을 내포한 실체 인식으로 수렴되는 경향을 보인다. 그것을 잘 표현하는 것이 국가-로컬의 내외적 관계 재구성을 위한 공간규모재조정 전략이다.
공간규모재조정에서 담론적 헤게모니는 강력한 행위자인 전지구화 자본과 국가 권력이 장악한다. 그러나 한편으로는 시민사회의 참여나 일상적 의회민주주의 역시 구체적 삶의 환경에서 상상력이나 상징들의 가치를 선택과 구성 혹은 확산시킬 수 계기와 공간과 장소도 주어져 있다. 비록 전지구적 세계화라는 동력이 국가를 매개로 로컬거버넌스를 외부에서 추동하지만 그것 자체는 공간규모, 장소, 관계망이 함께 작동하며 부단히 경쟁하는 정치적 공간성의 장이다. 그러므로 특정 공간성이 더 우위에 존재하지는 않고 참여자들이 복잡하고 다양한 사회운동 방식으로 참여와 민주주의를 지향할 수 있다고 본다.
그러나 전략관계적 접근에서 로컬거버넌스 평가는 특정 담론 전략에 호의적이고 특정 정책 실천을 제시하며 헤게모니적 국가형식 출현에 주목하는 측면이 있다. 물론 그것이 메타이론인데서 온 결과이겠지만, 로컬거버넌스의 자율성과 헤게모니가 담론으로만 강조하는 측면이 많아서, 실제로 국가와 로컬이 헤게모니 전략관계로 작동하는지 의심의 여지도 있다. 그런 의문은 장차 구체적 사례연구로서 검증할 필요가 있다.

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