발레에서 낭만주의 이후 고전주의가 등장한 이유에 대한 고찰 = A Study on Why Classicism Emerged after Romanticism in Ballet

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

A transition period between Classicism and Romanticism, the 18th century has some highly important meanings in terms of the theory and the trend of arts in history. First, it was both a period of the transition to new manufacturing processes called the Industrial Revolution and a period of the French Revolution, the far-reaching social and political upheaval in France. These two epochal events facilitated industrialization, urbanization and the rise of the public in the whole European nations and helped people pursue new orders, norms and values away from the ancient regime. Second, the mimetic theory of art was largely replaced by the representational theory of art. While the former focused on the standardizable elements like the case of proportion equipped with completeness and unity, the latter was a concept with which artists could freely express natural emotions and sentiments away from non-humanistic rules and norms. Third, as far as the trend of arts was concerned, there appeared Romanticism as a new attitude or intellectual orientation that can be seen as a rejection of the precepts that typified Classicism. While Classicism emphasized the intellectual capacity of reason and regulated arts ― confining them under the principle of aesthetics ― Romanticism respected emotions and imagination and pursued more liberal and sentimental arts.
What is worthy of note here is that the genre of ballet met the age of Classicism after that of Romanticism, reversing the general trend that Classicism is usually followed by Romanticism. As part of the reasons, the art of dance got off to a much belated start compared with other genres of arts, thus making it virtually impossible for the genre to establish the completion of forms — the typical characteristic of Classicism that flourished between the 16th and the 18th century. Besides, ballet came to be established as an independent performance art in the early 19th century and met the age of Romanticism that was the dominant trend of arts during the period. That was one of the reasons why classical ballet emerged after the romantic ballet unlike the cases of other arts that introduced Romanticism right after Classicism. After all, ballet made a continuous development until the late 19th century when its style was completed. For example, a lot of best known ballet forms were created by Marius Ivanovich Petipa (1818-1910) being considered to be the most influential master choreographer in classical ballet in the late 19th century. They include: diverse types of technical skills; divertissement that offers complicated and diversified techniques and spectacles or attractions; grand pas deux that is intensive and stylized; and mime that plays the role of dialogues. It was not until the late 19th century that classicism focusing on forms in arts represented the genre of ballet ― a trend that appears to swim against the current of the times.and the 18th century. Besides, ballet came to be established as an independent performance art in the early 19th century and met the age of Romanticism that was the dominant trend of arts during the period. That was one of the reasons why classical ballet emerged after the romantic ballet unlike the cases of other arts that introduced Romanticism right after Classicism. After all, ballet made a continuous development until the late 19th century when its style was completed. For example, a lot of best known ballet forms were created by Marius Ivanovich Petipa (1818-1910) being considered to be the most influential master choreographer in classical ballet in the late 19th century. They include: diverse types of technical skills; divertissement that offers complicated and diversified techniques and spectacles or attractions; grand pas deux that is intensive and stylized; and mime that plays the role of dialogues. It was not until the late 19th century that classicism focusing on forms in arts represented the genre of ballet ― a trend that appears...

국문 초록 (Abstract)

18세기는 역사와 예술론과 예술사조에 있어서 매우 중요한 의미를 가지고 있다. 첫째, 시대적 배경으로 산업혁명과 프랑스대혁명이 발발하였다. 이로 인해 전 유럽에 산업화와 도시화 그리고 대중의 등장이 야기되었으며 구시대의 낡은 체제에서 벗어나 새로운 질서와 규범과 가치를 추구하게 되었다. 둘째, 예술론의 측면에서도 모방론에서 표현론으로의 대변혁을 이루게 된다. 모방론은 예술에서 완전성과 통일성을 갖춘 비례와 같이 정형화시킬 수 있는 요소를 중요시하였던 한편 표현론은 고전 문화의 비인간적인 규칙과 규율로부터 벗어나 자연스러운 감정과 정서를 중요시하는 개념이었다. 셋째, 예술사조에서는 고전주의와 대립하여 낭만주의가 등장하기에 이른다. 고전주의가 이성이라는 지적(知的) 능력을 중요시하면서 예술을 갖가지 미의 법칙으로 규제하고 거기서 벗어나는 것을 금하였던 반면에 낭만주의는 감정과 상상력을 존중하면서 보다 자유롭고 정서적인 예술을 지향하였다.
본 연구에서 주목해야할 점은 고전주의 이후 낭만주의 사조를 맞이한 타 예술분야와는 달리 발레에서는 일반적인 흐름을 거스르면서 낭만발레 이후 고전발레를 맞이하게 되었다는 점이다. 그 원인으로는 우선, 무용예술은 타 예술분야에 비해 상당히 늦은 출발을 보였으므로 17-18세기 당시 고전주의의 주요 특질인 형식의 완성은 불가능한 상황이었다. 또한, 발레는 19세기 전반에서야 독립된 공연예술로 자리매김할 수 있었으며 당대를 지배하는 예술사조 즉 낭만주의에 동참할 수 있었다. 그것이 고전발레 이전에 낭만발레가 등장할 수밖에 없었던 한 이유가 된다. 마침내, 고전발레는 발레가 꾸준한 발전을 거듭하여 그 형식을 완성한 19세기 후반에 이르러서야 확립될 수 있었다. 이를테면 복잡하고 다양한 동작기교(테크닉), 볼거리를 제공하는 디베르티스망, 강도 높고 양식화된 그랑파드되, 격식 있고 호사스러운 장면 연출, 대사의 역할을 하는 마임 등은 19세기 후반 ‘고전발레의 아버지’로 불리는 마리우스 프티파에 의해 확립되었다. 바로 그때서야 예술의 형식을 중요시하는 고전주의라는 명칭이 발레에 붙여짐으로써 시류를 거슬러 올라간 듯한 인상을 남긴 것이다.