Ambient-air-solution-processed efficient and highly stable perovskite solar cells based on CH₃NH₃PbI_3−xCl_x-NiO composite with Al₂O₃/NiO interfacial engineering

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The poor air-stability and reproducibility of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have prevented the practical applications of the devices that can withstand sustained operation under ambient air conditions. Here, we report all-ambient-air-solution-processed PSCs based on CH<SUB>3</SUB>NH<SUB>3</SUB>PbI<SUB>3−x</SUB>Cl<SUB>x</SUB>-NiO composite film with inserting Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>/NiO at the TiO<SUB>2</SUB>/perovskite interface in a cell configuration of FTO/c-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>/mp-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>/Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>/NiO/MAPbI<SUB>3−x</SUB>Cl<SUB>x</SUB>-NiO/spiroOMeTAD/Au. The interface engineering with Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>/NiO not only improves crystalline quality of perovskite films and enhances charge transport, but also effectively suppresses carrier recombination. This composite-based interface engineering PSCs showed a high power conversion efficiency (<I>PCE</I>) of 18.14% and excellent reproducibility with average 16–18% <I>PCE</I> for 35 devices. More importantly, the devices without encapsulation showed a significant enhancement in long-term air-stability; the device photovoltaic parameters stabilized after 20 days and sustained its stability over 210 days with retaining ~100% of its original <I>V</I> <SUB> <I>oc</I> </SUB>, ~94% of <I>J</I> <SUB> <I>sc</I> </SUB>, ~91% of <I>FF</I> and ~86% of <I>PCE</I> in an ambient environment.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Ambient-air-solution-processed perovskite solar cells based on CH<SUB>3</SUB>NH<SUB>3</SUB>PbI<SUB>3−x</SUB>Cl<SUB>x</SUB>–NiO with Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>/NiO interface engineering. </LI> <LI> High quality and excellent crystallinity of MAPbI<SUB>3−x</SUB>Cl<SUB>x</SUB>–NiO composite film achieved by Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>/NiO interfacial engineering. </LI> <LI> High power conversion efficiency of 18.14%, small hysteresis and excellent reproducibility. </LI> <LI> Remarkable air-stability over 210 days with retaining ~100% of original <I>V<SUB>oc</SUB> </I>, ~94% of <I>J<SUB>sc</SUB> </I>, ~91% of <I>FF</I> and ~86% of <I>PCE</I>. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>SEM image and long-term air stability of ambient-air-solution-processed PSCs based on CH<SUB>3</SUB>NH<SUB>3</SUB>PbI<SUB>3−x</SUB>Cl<SUB>x</SUB>-NiO composites with Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>/NiO interface engineering with FTO/c-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>/mp-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>/Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>/NiO/ MAPbI<SUB>3−x</SUB>Cl<SUB>x</SUB>-NiO/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au configuration.</P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>