사이버 명예훼손죄에 관한 법제 개선방안 -허위조작정보(이른바 페이크뉴스) 및 온라인 타인사칭을 중심으로- = A Study on Measures to improve the Legal System on Cyber Defamation -focusing on Disinformation(so-called Fake News) & Online Impersonation-

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study deals with the measures to improve the current defamation legal system. Disinformation and online impersonation cannot be punished, although they are defamatory behaviors in cyberspace. The tension between punishment and freedom of expression, as well as specific defamatory aspects of cyberspace must be taken into account to justify the punishment for defamation.
The current defamation rules only protect the reputation of the ＇person＇. Defamation against corporation or other organization is recognized by Dogmatic. However, this should be explicitly stipulated in defamation rules.
Posting links or clicking the ＇Like＇button for defamatory expression on Facebook could be punished as an accomplice. Since the illegality of the defamatory expression in SNS remains until it is completely deleted, and if it is shared, the illegality of principal offender is strengthened.
It is not clear to distinguish between statement of fact and expression of opinion, and between objective truth and falsity. Therefore, when determining the strength and scope of the sanctions for fake news, it is important to clearly define the subject of regulation, taking into account the principle of legality and freedom of expression.: The subject of regulation should be ＇disinformation＇ that has been intentionally manipulated for a specific purpose. A specific purpose such as public interest, public order or national security assurance is proposed for punishing disinformation, but this is against the principle of legality. In view of this, it would be desirable to have individual punishment rules in individual laws (「Framework Act on the management of disasters and safety」, 「Act on the Prevention and Management of Infectious Diseases」, 「Counterterrorism Act for Citizen Protection and Public Safety」), such as the 「Public Election Act」, rather than having general punishment rules for disinformation.
And in order to enact rules to block or delete disinformation, freedom of expression should be scrutinized more carefully than punishment rules, since the information is still within the scope of freedom of expression. It is suggested that the possible time frame for blocking or deleting disinformation be limited to when specific risks arise or are at a sufficiently anticipated stage: during wartime, civil war, incidents, terrorism, hostility; after declaring a state of alert in a disaster crisis; a few days before election day. Only then could freedom of expression be guaranteed as far as possible, democracy protected and this preemptive measure justified.
Online impersonation is an act of intentionally impersonating another person using his or her personal information without permission in cyberspace. There is no punishment for defamation if the facts in defamatory expression were not dealt with directly with the impersonated person, so the need for a separate punishment rule is pointed out.
Since impersonation in itself is not enough to be punished, the punishment must be justified by limiting the subject of punishment and the type of behavior. The purpose of impersonation should be directed towards a crime, particularly defamation, fraud and persistent harassment. Regarding defamation, legislation may be considered that punishes defamation based on continuous activity in SNS, not based on giving specific facts related to the victim. Then, whether or not other users in SNS misrecognize the actor as an impersonated person should be judged according to objective criteria, and whether or not there is a defamatory expression should be judged comprehensively.

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