(A) history of health & fitness : implications for policy today

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• 1 Those Pesky Dates : A Simple Time Line for the Evolution of Society = 1
• Introduction = 1
• Nomadic Populations = 1
• Early Urban Civilizations = 3
• The Classical Era = 4
• The "Dark Ages" / Mediaeval Era = 5
• The Renaissance = 6
• The Enlightenment = 6
• The Victorian Era = 7
• The Modern Era = 7
• The Post-modern Era = 7
• Questions for Discussion = 8
• Conclusions = 8
• Further Reading = 8
• 2 The Hunter-Gatherer Idyll = 9
• Introduction = 9
• Energy Demands of Hunting and Gathering = 10
• The Issue of Rest Days = 13
• Energy Demands of Games = 13
• Resulting Levels of Health = 14
• Resulting Levels of Fitness = 16
• Attitudes to Health and Fitness = 17
• Effects of Acculturation = 18
• Attempts to Recreate the Hunter-Gatherer Lifestyle = 18
• Practical Implications for Current Policy = 20
• Questions for Discussion = 21
• Conclusions = 21
• Further Reading = 22
• 3 Irrigation and the Seductive Sedentary Lifestyle = 23
• Introduction = 23
• Daily Energy Expenditures = 24
• Resulting Levels of Health = 32
• Resulting Levels of Physical Fitness = 33
• Attitudes to Health and Fitness = 34
• Practical Implications for Current Policy = 37
• Questions for Discussion = 38
• Conclusions = 38
• Further Reading = 39
• 4 Evolution of the Sedentary Lifestyle in Classical Culture = 41
• Introduction = 41
• Crete : The Minoan Culture = 41
• Greek Civilizations = 44
• Roman Civilization = 52
• Practical Implications for Current Policy = 56
• Questions for Discussion = 57
• Conclusions = 57
• Further Reading = 58
• 5 Were the Lights Turned Off During the "Dark Ages?"= 59
• Introduction = 59
• Economy and Government = 60
• Sport and Fitness = 63
• Health and Fitness = 69
• Attitudes to Health and Fitness = 73
• Practical Implications for Current Policy = 75
• Questions for Discussion = 75
• Conclusions = 76
• Further Reading = 76
• 6 The Renaissance : Daring to Challenge Traditional Wisdom = 77
• Introduction = 77
• Sports and Recreation = 79
• Habitual Physical Activity = 84
• Health and Fitness = 84
• Practical Implications for Current Policy = 92
• Questions for Discussion = 94
• Conclusions = 94
• Further Reading = 95
• 7 The Enlightenment : How Far Did Reason and Religion Influence Health and Fitness in an Age of Industrialization? = 97
• Introduction = 97
• Habitual Physical Activity = 98
• Sport and Recreation = 102
• Water Sports = 103
• Boxing = 103
• Lacrosse = 104
• Dancing = 104
• Strolling = 104
• Sedentary Recreation = 105
• Physical Fitness = 106
• Attitudes of Physicians, Scholars and Church Leaders = 107
• Scholars = 110
• Church Leaders = 112
• Practical Implications for Current Policy = 114
• Questions for Discussion = 115
• Conclusions = 115
• Further Reading = 116
• 8 The Victorian Era : A Wealthier Society Offers New Recreational Possibilities, Especially to Women = 119
• Introduction = 119
• Physical Activity = 120
• Sports and Recreation = 121
• Water Sports = 122
• Sedentary Recreation = 128
• Health = 129
• Physical Fitness = 130
• Attitudes to Health and Fitness = 132
• Politicians and Statesmen = 135
• Practical Implications for Current Policy = 136
• Questions for Discussion = 137
• Conclusions = 137
• Further Reading = 138
• 9 The Modern Era : Growing Health in the Face of Unemployment and War = 139
• Introduction = 139
• Sport and Recreation = 140
• Aquatic Activities = 141
• New Forms of Team Sport = 142
• New Forms of Individual Activity = 143
• Sedentary Activities = 145
• Health = 146
• Nutritional Status = 149
• Physical Activity = 151
• The Assessment of Physical Fitness = 152
• Attitudes to Health and Fitness = 158
• Philosophers = 162
• Practical Implications for Current Policy = 164
• Questions for Discussion = 165
• Conclusions = 165
• Further Reading = 166
• 10 The Ludic Impulse : Why Did Early Societies Engage in Play? = 169
• Introduction = 169
• Neolithic Societies = 170
• Tarahumara Indians = 170
• The Aztecs = 171
• Mayan Civilization = 173
• Inca Civilization = 173
• Minoan and Etruscan Civilizations = 175
• Mediaeval Europe = 175
• Practical Implications for Society = 176
• Questions for Discussion = 177
• Conclusions = 177
• Further Reading = 177
• 11 The Classical Olympic Movement : An Early Stimulus to Health and Fitness? = 179
• Introduction = 179
• The Classic Olympiad = 180
• Other Major Athletic Contests in Classical Greece = 181
• The Ideal of Amateurism in Classical Greece = 182
• The Classical Greek Regimen of Athletic Training = 183
• Nutrition of the Greek Athlete = 185
• Age and Sex Categorization of Competitors = 185
• The Problem of Athletic Injuries = 185
• Death After Running a Marathon Distance : The Specific Case of Pheidippides = 186
• Practical Implications for Current Policy = 187
• Questions for Discussion = 188
• Conclusions = 188
• Further Reading = 189
• 12 The Modern Olympics : A Current Stimulus to Health and Fitness or a Five-Ring Circus? = 191
• Introduction = 191
• Progression of Athletic Records = 193
• Opportunities for Female Participation = 194
• The Progressive Erosion of Amateurism in Olympic Sport = 195
• Politicization of Olympic Competition = 197
• Doping and Other Abuses of Olympic Competition = 198
• Other Abuses of Fair Competition = 201
• Costs and Benefits of Competition ; Is There a Health and Fitness Dividend? = 203
• Other International Sports Events = 205
• Practical Implications for Current Policy = 206
• Questions for Discussion = 207
• Conclusions = 207
• Further Reading = 208
• 13 The Early Health Professionals – Unfettered Amateurs, Servants of the Gods or Wealthy Charlatans? = 209
• Introduction = 209
• Egypt = 210
• Israel = 210
• India = 211
• Classical Minoa and Greece = 212
• Middle Ages = 212
• Medical Care in the New World During the Enlightenment = 220
• Professional Regulation = 221
• Practical Implications for Current Policy = 222
• Questions for Discussion = 223
• Conclusions = 223
• Further Reading = 224
• 14 Herb Gardens, Naturopathy and Human Health = 225
• Introduction = 225
• Israel = 226
• Minoans = 226
• Mediaeval Era = 227
• Practical Implications for Current Policy = 230
• Questions for Discussion = 231
• Conclusions = 231
• Further Reading = 231
• 15 Bizarre By-ways in the Search for Good Health = 233
• Introduction = 233
• The King's Touch = 234
• Tar Water = 234
• Static Electricity, Magnetism and Electrical Shock Treatments = 235
• Homeopathy = 238
• Stimulation and Asthenia = 239
• Hydrotherapy = 240
• Naturism = 240
• Anthroposophical Medicine = 241
• Osteopathy = 241
• Chiropractic = 242
• Acupuncture = 242
• Practical Implications for Current Policy = 243
• Questions for Discussion = 243
• Conclusions = 244
• Further Reading = 244
• 16 Caring for the Sick : Hospitals and Hospices = 247
• Introduction = 247
• Cappadocia = 248
• Baghdad = 249
• Mediaeval Europe = 251
• Practical Implications for Current Policy = 254
• Questions for Discussion = 254
• Conclusions = 255
• Further Reading = 255
• 17 The Emergence of Health Science Education = 257
• Introduction = 257
• The Arab World and the Nestorian Connection = 258
• Europe = 258
• North America 267
• Practical Implications for Current Policy = 268
• Questions for Discussion = 269
• Conclusions = 269
• Further Reading = 270
• 18 Literature in the Search for Health and Fitness = 271
• Introduction = 271
• Development of General Medical Literature = 272
• Texts of Sports Medicine, Health and Fitness = 281
• Practical Implications for Current Policy = 283
• Questions for Discussion = 283
• Conclusions = 284
• Further Reading = 284
• 19 Teaching Health and Fitness to the Growing Child : The Physical Educator = 285
• Introduction = 285
• Physical Education in Ancient Persia = 286
• Physical Education in Ancient India = 286
• Physical Education in Classical Athens and Sparta = 286
• Physical Education in Mediaeval Europe = 289
• Physical Education During the Renaissance = 290
• The Enlightenment = 292
• Physical Education in the Victorian and Modern Eras = 294
• Physical Education in the Post-modern Era = 307
• Practical Implications for Current Policy = 309
• Questions for Discussion = 310
• Conclusions = 310
• Further Reading = 310
• 20 Co-opting Fitness and Sport for Political Objectives = 313
• Introduction = 313
• Italy = 314
• Germany = 316
• Russia = 320
• Soviet Physical Activity and Sports Programmes for Adults = 321
• France = 322
• United States = 324
• Britain = 326
• Canada = 326
• Practical Implications for Current Policy = 328
• Questions for Discussion = 329
• Conclusions = 329
• Further Reading = 329
• 21 Governmental Involvement in Health Care and Health Promotion = 331
• Introduction = 331
• Health Care in the Arabic World = 332
• Health Care in Mediaeval Europe = 332
• Health Care in the Post-modern Era = 333
• Improved Health Services and Life Expectancy = 336
• Nazi Subversion of Medical Expertise = 337
• Practical Implications for Current Policy = 339
• Questions for Discussion = 340
• Conclusions = 340
• Further Reading = 340
• 22 Building the Infrastructure and Regulations Needed for Public Health and Fitness = 343
• Introduction = 343
• Early History = 344
• Classical Civilizations = 344
• The Arab World = 346
• Mediaeval Europe = 346
• The Renaissance = 348
• The Enlightenment = 351
• The Victorian Era = 353
• Current Challenges to Public Health = 356
• Practical Implications for Current Policy = 359
• Questions for Discussion = 359
• Conclusions = 360
• Further Reading = 360
• 23 Health and Fitness in Industry : The Development of Occupational Health = 363
• Introduction = 363
• Early History = 364
• The Twin Scourges of Slavery and Child Labour = 365
• Occupational Physicians and Workplace Safety = 366
• Health-Care Delivery in the Workplace = 370
• Equal Opportunity Employment = 375
• Health and Fitness of the Armed Forces = 377
• Practical Implications for Current Policy = 378
• Questions for Discussion = 379
• Conclusions = 379
• Further Reading = 379
• 24 Understanding the Root Causes of Ill-Health : The Emergence of Epidemiology, Bacteriology and Immunology = 381
• Introduction = 381
• Epidemics Affecting Classical Civilizations = 382
• The Renaissance Understanding of Epidemics = 382
• Epidemics During the Enlightenment = 383
• Beginnings of Epidemiology and Bacteriology During the Victorian Era = 383
• Introduction of Chemotherapy, Antibiotics and Vaccines During the Modern Era = 386
• Epidemics of Chronic Disease = 388
• Immunology in the Post-modern Era = 389
• Practical Implications for Current Policy = 391
• Questions for Discussion = 392
• Conclusions = 392
• Further Reading = 393
• 25 The Feminine Touch in Health and Fitness = 395
• Introduction = 395
• The Systematic Exclusion of Women from Medical Schools = 396
• Gender Bias in Health and Fitness Research = 398
• Opportunities for Women in Nursing = 398
• The Growing Political Voice of Women = 399
• Range of Opportunities for Women to Exercise = 400
• The Impact of Altered Dress Codes and Greater Female Emancipation = 401
• Birth Control = 403
• Exercise Initiatives Addressed Specifically to Women = 405
• Practical Implications for Current Policy = 408
• Questions for Discussion = 408
• Conclusions = 409
• Further Reading = 409
• 26 The Emergence of Professional Associations and Journals in Health and Exercise Science = 411
• Introduction = 411
• Professional Societies and Journals = 411
• Physical Education = 414
• Landmark Textbooks = 420
• The Key Role of Professional Certification = 421
• Practical Applications to Current Policy = 422
• Questions for Discussion = 422
• Conclusions = 423
• Further Reading = 423
• 27 The Growing Knowledge of Anatomy and Physiology Through to the Enlightenment = 425
• Introduction = 425
• Anatomy and Physiology in Early History = 426
• Anatomy and Physiology During the Classical Era = 427
• The Middle Ages = 430
• The Renaissance = 433
• The Enlightenment = 442
• Practical Implications for Current Policy = 450
• Questions for Discussion = 450
• Conclusions = 451
• Further Reading = 451
• 28 Recent Gains in Knowledge of Anatomy and Physiology = 453
• Introduction = 453
• Knowledge of the Circulation = 454
• Respiration = 461
• Muscle Physiology and Biochemistry = 468
• Body Composition = 469
• Evolution = 470
• Exercise in Extreme Environments = 472
• Practical Implications for Current Policy = 477
• Questions for Discussion = 478
• Conclusions = 478
• Further Reading = 478
• 29 Exercise as Medicine in Antiquity and Today = 481
• Introduction = 481
• India = 482
• China = 482
• Classical Greece = 484
• Modern Exercise Is Medicine Movement = 485
• Practical Implications for Current Policy = 486
• Questions for Discussion = 486
• Conclusions = 487
• Further Reading = 487
• 30 The Post-modern Era and Beyond : Meeting Future Challenges to Health and Fitness = 489
• Introduction = 489
• Quality Control of Laboratory Data = 490
• Mass Screening = 490
• Mass Fitness Testing = 491
• Critique of Population Surveys = 493
• Secular Trends in Sport and Leisure Activities = 495
• New Training Techniques = 501
• Fitness and Aging = 502
• Rehabilitation Programmes = 502
• Genetics of Health and Fitness = 504
• Practical Implications for Current and Future Policy = 505
• Questions for Discussion = 506
• Conclusions = 507
• Further Reading = 507
• Glossary = 509