은퇴자와 은퇴가계의 공적연금 실현소득대체율 분석 = Realized Income Replacement Rate of Public Pensions for the Retirees and Retired Households

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study identified the characteristics of public pension(national pension, occupational pension) benefits of individual retirees and retired households and analyzed the realized income replacement rate of public pensions. In order to determine the extent to which public pension benefits actually replaced their income and living expenses, the calculation of the realized income replacement rate was based on the income level of the pre-retired group, the current income and expenditure of retirees and retired households, as well as the minimum cost of living and adequate cost of living. The characteristics of pension benefits and the realized public pension replacemenr rate were compared according to the type of public pension and retired household type. Data from the 2019 Korean Retirement and Income Study were used. For research question 1, all retirees(n=2,852) were analyzed to compare total realized income replacement rates depending on whether they received public pension benefits or not. Research question 2 targeted only public pension recipients (n=1,062) to analyze the realized income replacement rate of public pensions, and compared recipients of national pension and occupational pension. For research question 3, retired households received public pensions(n=789) were extracted to analyze the realized income replacement rate of public pensions at the household level. The types of retired households were divided into single-beneficiary households, beneficiary couple households, and beneficiaryunemployed couple households. Key findings from the analysis were as follows: First, among the retired individuals, 37.2% received monthly benefits from public pensions, and the average income of public pension recipients was found to be 2.8 times the average income of non-recipients. As a result of comparing the total realized income replacement rate(income of retirees compared to the income of pre-retired 56-61 year old group, 16.2% for non-recipients of public pension and 45.2% for public pension recipients. Second, the average monthly benefit of public pension recipients(n=1,062) was only 24.5% of the income of pre-retired group, and only covered 47.3% of what they estimated to be adequate cost of living. Third, the average monthly benefit of public pensions was 699,000 won, but the amount received by national pension recipients(n=844) was 330,000 won and that of occupational pension recipients(n=218) was 2.126,000 won. Compared to the income of the pre-retired group, the average benefit of occupational pensions was 74.6%, while the average benefit of national pensions was only 11.6%. Fourth, single-beneficiary households had the lowest amount of public pension benefits(449,000 won) and had a higher rate of receiving national pension. The heads of single-beneficiary households were mainly women with low level of education and a high average age, and their household income, expenditures, and costs of living were all at the lowest, making them a vulnerable group.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구에서는 은퇴자 개인과 은퇴가계의 공적연금(국민, 직역연금) 수급특성을 살펴보고, 공적연금 실현소득대체율을 분석하였다. 공적연금 수급액이 실제로 그들의 소득과생활비를 어느 정도 대체하는지 파악하기 위해 은퇴 직전 연령대의 소득수준, 은퇴자와은퇴가계의 현재 소득과 지출 뿐 아니라, 그들이 필요하다고 생각하는 최소생활비평가액, 적정생활비평가액을 기준으로 실현소득대체율을 산정하였다. 또한 공적연금 유형과 은퇴가계 유형에 따라 연금수급 특성과 실현소득대체율을 비교하였다. 국민노후보장패널조사(2019년) 원자료를 활용하였고, 연구문제1은 공적연금 수급여부에 따라 실현소득대체율을비교하기 위해 조사대상 은퇴자 전체(n=2,852)를 분석대상으로 하였다. 연구문제2는 공적연금의 실현소득대체율을 분석하기 위해 공적연금 수급자(n=1,062)만을 대상으로 하였으며, 국민연금과 직역연금 수급자를 비교하였다. 연구문제3은 공적연금의 실현소득대체율을 가계단위로 분석하기 위해 공적연금을 수급하는 은퇴가계(n=789)를 추출하였고, 은퇴가계 유형을 수급자1인가계, 수급자부부가계, 수급자-비취업자부부가계로 구분하였다. 주요분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 매달 공적연금급여를 수령하는 은퇴자의 비율은 37.2%였고, 공적연금 수급자의 월평균 총소득은 미수급자 월평균 총소득의 2.8배로 조사되었다.
공적연금 수급여부에 따라 총실현소득대체율(은퇴직전 56∼61세 소득 대비 은퇴자의 총소득)을 비교한 결과, 공적연금 미수급자는 16.2%, 공적연금 수급자는 45.2%로 나타났다.
둘째, 공적연금 수급자(n=1,062)의 월평균수급액은 은퇴직전 연령대 소득의 24.5%에 불과하고, 그들이 생각하는 적정생활비를 47.3% 밖에 충당하지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 공적연금 수급자 전체의 월평균수급액은 69만 9천원이지만, 국민연금 수급자(n=844)의수령액은 33만원, 직역연금(n=218) 수급자의 수령액은 212만 6천원으로 6배의 차이가있었다. 은퇴직전 연령대 집단의 총소득과 비교할 때, 직역연금 수급자의 월평균수급액은74.6%인 반면 국민연금 수급자의 월평균수급액은 11.6%에 불과했다. 넷째, 은퇴가계유형중 수급자1인가계는 공적연금급여 수령액(44만 9천원)이 가장 낮고, 직역연금 보다는 국민연금을 수급하는 비율이 높았다. 가구주가 주로 여성이고 교육수준이 낮고 평균연령이높으며, 가계소득, 가계지출, 생활비평가액 등이 모두 가장 낮은 취약계층이었다.