The thesis explores the creation of sculptural works that metaphorically express human anxiety through allegorical forms. By the 20th century, art transitioned from narrating specific events or ideologies to emphasizing the expression of individual emotions. Since the 1960s, this evolution has further shifted towards prioritizing free emotional expression. The postmodernism period, marked by the breakdown of communal ideologies, focused on individual autonomy and creativity, emphasizing subjective experiences of aesthetic value by emotions. Contemporary craft, influenced by these trends, has similarly evolved from producing purely aesthetic objects to expressing inner emotions. This is exemplified in California pottery and contemporary European jewelry, particularly in Germany.
This study aims to create sculptural works that playfully express anxiety-one of the fundamental individual emotions-while evoking feelings related to its causes. These works will use allegorical imagery infused with fantastical elements, characterized by a pluralistic and open symbolic structure. This approach enables viewers to interpret the pieces in diverse ways. The narratives embedded in these allegories evoke unconscious memories and foster empathy for the sources of anxiety. By transforming these causes into positive subjects, the allegorical images also shift their perception, leading to a reimagining of anxiety. Through this exploration, the study seeks to demonstrate the aesthetic value and emotional impact of sculptural works that express anxiety allegorically, while investigating the unique characteristics of metal craft as a medium of expression and its future potential.
Chapter I : Introduction
The first chapter outlines the research background and objectives, explaining the scope and methodology of the study.
Chapter II : Theoretical Considerations
The second chapter examines the concept of anxiety and its relationship to art. Anxiety is understood here as vague concerns about the future, visualized through fantastical allegories derived from unrealistic images, such as anthropomorphic forms. Anthropomorphic expression provides a fantastical narrative, transforming (Verschiebung) the ordinary into surreal imagery. Rather than simply combining motifs to metaphorically represent intangible ideas in a one-dimensional way, these narratives invite diverse interpretations, yielding outcomes that vary based on the viewer's perspective.
Allegories do not establish a direct one-to-one correspondence between primary and secondary meanings; instead, they intentionally create relationships that remain ambiguous. The process of interpreting these elements evokes emotions through contextual and structural associations, offering an indirect and abstract representation of concepts that are difficult to articulate consciously. When combined with fantastical elements like personification, these ambiguous narratives may initially appear as mere illusions or imaginings. However, unlike pure fantasy, allegories achieve a surreal expressions that feels “more real than reality” as they overlap with the real world.
The study analyzes various examples of visual artworks that employ allegory, focusing on the characteristics of allegorical imagery. Notable examples include the works of Bosch and Bruegel, whose allegorical expressions evoke emotion by portraying fantastical interpretations of reality. Allegories are categorized into two main types : ‘fantastic allegories,’ which realistically depict unreal subjects, and ‘realistic (satirical) allegories,’ which render real subjects in unrealistic ways to offer fresh perspectives on a chaotic world. By linking anxiety to unconscious emotions, the study identifies anthropomorphic expressions and ambiguous narratives as key methods in creating allegorical art. Anthropomorphism, the attribution of human traits to non-human subjects, is illustrated in this research through an image of a bird with human hands, sweating to symbolize anxiety. Ambiguous narrative, a central feature of allegory, fosters diverse storytelling through layered metaphors and open-ended interpretations. n this study, such ambiguity is conveyed through the bird's simply depicted hand movements and fragmented images of geometric structures.
Chapter III: Cases of Allegorical Expression of Anxiety
This chapter examines contemporary artists who express anxiety through personified depictions, such as anthropomorphic birds, and ambiguous narratives involving deconstructed buildings. Notable artists recognized for their use of personification include Sergei Isupov (United States), Mimmo Paladino (Italy), and Michaël Borremans (Belgium). For situational expressions of anxiety, the study references the works of Giorgio de Chirico (Italy), George Tooker (United States), and Bruce Metcalf (United States).
Artists noted for personified expressions explore anxiety by emphasizing and omitting forms through techniques like anthropomorphism, simplification, and bodily disjunction. Sergei Isupov, a Russian-born American ceramicist, creates works that combine three-dimensional anthropomorphic animals with two-dimensional imagery, blurring the lines between reality and fantasy. His pieces evoke memories of anxious pasts, characterized by delicate and fantastical representations akin to Bosch’s altarpieces. Mimmo Paladino metaphorically explores primal human anxieties, such as the fear of death, through simplified depictions of faces and hands rooted in tradition, history, and mythology. His overlapping symbolic images invite diverse interpretations, rejecting singular meanings while presenting fantastical enigmas. Michaël Borremans expresses feelings of anxiety through realistic yet incongruous scenarios. By emphasizing bodily disjunction and transformation, he captures unresolved conflicts and the absurdities of human existence, underscoring uncertainty and doubt.
Artists who express anxiety through situational depictions construct it using contrasts between geometric forms and figurative elements, as well as the tension between tragic events and playful imagery. Giorgio de Chirico fragments historical and symbolic associations of everyday objects to create surreal narratives that challenge perceptions of order. His works generate ambivalent emotions-combining anxiety and pleasure-through mysterious contrasts between familiar objects and unreal spaces. George Tooker humorously conveys inner anxiety by contrasting fantastical urban backgrounds with figurative imagery. Through repetition and overlapping of spatial elements, he explores feelings of alienation and emotional disconnection in modern life. Bruce Metcalf uses cartoon-like figures set against tragic realities to express societal contradictions. By incorporating theatrical staging and metal craft techniques, he critiques contemporary issues through miniature protagonists that blend humor with reflective depth.
Chapter IV: Research Works
This chapter explores the content and production processes of sculptural works that metaphorically express anxiety, drawing on the characteristics and narrative styles of the allegorical images analyzed in previous chapters. The study identifies the roots of anxiety in the othering of desire, which emerges from the pressures of meritocracy. This idea aligns with the desire theory of French philosopher Jacques Lacan, which posits that unconscious desire is directed toward the ‘Other’ as a yearning to be recognized as an object of love. Meritocracy amplifies emotional sensitivity toward future evaluations, reducing individuals to objects assessed by others and orienting their lives around external desires. From this foundation, the study derives two core concepts : perfectionism, an obsessive need to imitate, and shame, a state arising from the unfulfilled longing for recognition.
Perfectionism is represented as the compulsive act of ‘following.’ This is symbolized by a bird mimicking commands or counting, reflecting relentless fixation on others' desires. Similarly, the repetitive geometric forms of buildings, such as stairs, metaphorically represent the social order that becomes the object of this pursuit. Shame, on the other hand, is portrayed through the act of ‘waiting’ for recognition. This manifests as behaviors of withdrawal and hesitation rooted in an unmet need for acknowledgment. Geometric representations of buildings are further developed into more concrete forms, such as chairs or tables, or disassembled into fragmented structures to signify these emotional states.
The allegorical elements in the research works are divided into two primary figurative forms, specifically anthropomorphized birds and geometric buildings. The anthropomorphic birds blend human characteristics with playful behaviors, presenting a fantastical allegory rooted in familiar, everyday elements. The bird, as a recognizable figure, represents a presence that is both approachable and estranging, existing in a space separate from humans. This duality is enhanced by its anthropomorphic traits, such as human-like skin, sweat, and overlapping hand movements, transforming the bird into a whimsical and polysemous symbol.
Geometric buildings reinterpret everyday structural elements like stairs, chairs, and chimneys, recombining them into ambiguous forms. These transformations reflect the formation and dissolution of abstract concepts like order and time, symbolizing the duality of aesthetic order as both a sculptural construct and a source of unease when disrupted. The layered metaphors and intertextuality inherent in these works underscore the narrative complexity of allegorical expression. Together, the anthropomorphized birds and geometric buildings serve as metaphors for deeply ingrained anxieties. Through their whimsical and fantastical interplay, these figures encourage the resolution of anxious emotions and the reconciliation of internal conflicts.
The individual cases of the research works describe the conceptual background and production processes of pieces that express feelings of anxiety through the combination of bird and building forms. The works are categorized into two series namely ‘Following’ and ‘Waiting’. The ’Following’ series represents anxiety about the future, caused by perfectionism, through a bird counting numbers and repetitive geometric images. The ‘Waiting’ series conveys anxiety stemming from the shame of imperfection, illustrated by a crouched figure and deconstructed buildings. While perfectionism is portrayed through the conscious act of counting and the symmetry of geometric order, shame is expressed through involuntary defensive postures of withdrawal and the disintegration of geometric forms. Both series paradoxically express anxiety by situating these anthropomorphized birds on fragmented stages that reflect distorted realities.
Technical research on the production of works examines the technical aspects involved in creating research works, focusing on the sculptural characteristics of applied techniques and their integration into allegorical narratives. The study is divided into two primary areas, specifically the creation of birds and the creation of buildings.
In the creation of birds, the birds’ glossy skin and sweat droplets are achieved using a technique called grain filling, a method traditionally employed in lacquer craftsmenship. This involves infusing the wood grain with a mixture of materials, including lacquer and powdered ingredients, to produce a smooth and glossy surface. The glossy finish symbolizes obsession and fixation, while the sweat droplets represent difficult and stressful situations. The process involves repeatedly applying and sanding architectural finishing paint-approximately ten times-to compensate for the soft flaws of red pine, resulting in a firm, smooth surface. This method allows for the delicate depiction of features like fingers and sweat droplets, enhancing the fantastical yet realistic quality of the birds.
In the creation of buildings, the geometric forms of the structures are made using non-ferrous metal welding techniques and pictorial expressions involving brass oxidation. Welding is used to achieve the rhythmic qualities of repetitive geometric structures, while brass oxidation imparts a wood-like appearance, creating an ambiguous identity for the buildings that evokes anxiety. Research on welding techniques focuses on heat welding non-ferrous metals such as nickel silver and brass using micro-pulse plasma welding and silver soldering. While nickel silver and brass offer good workability, they present challenges during welding. For instance, nickel silver is prone to warping, and brass experiences surface damage due to zinc evaporation during heating, a phenomenon known as dezincification. To address these issues, the study combined the advantages of micro-pulse plasma welding (which ensures strong, distortion-free partial joints) with silver soldering (which utilizes diffusion and capillary action to join areas unreachable by electrodes). After several experiments, the ideal method involved fixing all metal joints with an intermittent welding pattern, followed by flowing silver solder into the seams. This integrative approach minimized distortion and reduced zinc vaporization, ensuring precise and robust connections.
In the pictorial expression of brass oxidation, the study explored oxidation as a strategy for adding pictorial texture and depth. Existing studies on metal coloring often focus on copper or silver oxidation and are limited to flat surfaces. When applied to complex structures, uneven coatings and blotching often occur. To address these challenges, the study experimented with embedding sawdust and using heat stamping to stabilize coating formation. Techniques involving layered applications of copper nitrate and iron(II) nitrate successfully produced solid, subtly textured brown surfaces. These coatings created a pictorial atmosphere that enhanced the narrative complexity of the buildings, representing the tension between order and disintegration.
Chapter V: Conclusion
The achievements of this research are evaluated as follows:
First, the aesthetic value and narrative characteristics of allegorical expression, as a means of articulating unconscious emotions, are clarified through examples from contemporary artists. Anthropomorphism is defined as the fantastical transformation of realistic objects, distinguishing it from purely unrealistic expression. By summarizing the aspects of allegorical expression in contemporary art through prior studies, the research underscores the characteristics of personification. In the research works, simple depictions and overlapping representations of sweat and hands are identified as key elements of anthropomorphic expression. These elements, juxtaposed against geometric backgrounds, provide an opportunity for future studies on narrative-driven anthropomorphism.
Furthurmore, the research works are created using figurative forms and refined metal fabrication techniques, resulting in delicate structures and familiar shapes that bring vitality to everyday spaces. The sheet metal structures are designed for easy disassembly and assembly, making them lightweight and durable for easy management. These sculptures, when combined with figurative forms, are perceived as everyday and approachable, allowing them to settle seamlessly into our surroundings. This, in turn, facilitates the resolution of hidden feelings of anxiety in the deeper layers of life. The research demonstrates the potential for expressing and communicating inner emotions through figurative representation, an area that has not been actively explored in recent metal crafts. This represents a new territory for metal craft artists to explore. While contemporary crafts have overall developed as a medium for symbolic expression, recent trends in metal craft have shown a bias toward research focused on formal expression and functionality. Therefore, through the figurative expression of inner emotions presented in this research, it is hoped that the ecosystem of contemporary metal craft will become more diverse and healthy.
Additionally, the incorporation of micro-pulse plasma welding technology and experiments with brass coloring during the production process demonstrate the identity and expertise of the metal craft artist while contributing to advancements in metalworking techniques. Although the de-genrefication of art is a trend of the times, the characteristics of the medium still play an important role in determining the identity of the artwork. Reliable metal processing techniques, such as those explored in this research, are expected to facilitate innovative expressions and overcome physical limitations in sheet metal fabrication. This study is based on numerical data on the heat welding of copper alloy sheets-one of the most widely used materials and techniques in metal craft-and presents a practical method for producing metal structures with an area of approximately 270 ㎤. By addressing the limitations of weldable area and joint structure in sheet metal fabrication, the research expands creative freedom and enhances production efficiency for artists.
In conclusion, it is hoped that the findings on the visualization of emotions and the improvements in productivity will inspire further development in contemporary metal craft, fostering innovation and diversity within the field.