자연, 자원, 그리고 자본: 탄소 에너지 시대의 미국 정치경제 = Nature, Resource, and Capital: U.S. Political Economy in the Age of Carbon Energy

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article explores the long history of the U.S. political economy in the “age of carbon energy.” Drawing on several works that revisit the history of capitalism through an environmental lens, it traces how fossil fuels shaped the course of modern American capitalism. Thanks to the intensive use of fossil fuels since the mid-19th century, the United States underwent what scholars call “time-space compression” on an unprecedented scale and became a bastion of a mass-production system that long characterized modern capitalism. In the meantime, Americans’ dependence on fossil fuels engendered a wide range of social conflicts surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of energies, prompting fundamental questions about the nature of American politics. Highlighting such a relationship between energy regime and political economy, this article aims to present modern American capitalism as a distinct ecosystem in which nature and humans interacted on multiple layers.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본고는 환경이라는 렌즈를 통해 현대 미국 자본주의의 역사를 거시적으로 조명하고자 한다. 이를 위해 이 글은 자본주의의 환경사 연구 몇 편을 소개하고, 미국 자본주의가 광물 에너지 체제(mineral energy regime)의 도래와 더불어 급격하게 발달했다는 점을 강조하고자 한다. 19세기 후반 미국에서 화석 연료의 사용은 인류역사상 유례없는 시공간의 압축을 이루어 냈고, 이는 농축산업 및 제조업 부문에서 대량생산체제의 확립을 촉진했다. 또한, 화석 연료의 집약적인 사용은 에너지의 생산 유통, 그리고 소비를 둘러싼 사회적 갈등을 초래했다. 이러한 내용을 중심으로 본고는 현대의 자본주의가 자연과 인간 사이의 복잡한 상호작용을 통해서 발달하는 특정한 정치경제 체제이자 에너지 체제라는 것도 강조하고자 한다.

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