북한산도시자연공원의 적정 도시공원유형 배분 및 관리 방안 연구 = A Study on the proper location and management plans based on types of urban parks in Bukhansan(Mt.) urban nature park

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study aims at suggesting ways to properly locate and manage different types of urban nature parks, and plans to create and maintain urban nature parks, neighborhood parks and theme parks, and to classify land use to see which parts should be conserved and which parts should be used, which will help suggest ways to properly locate types of parks based on the revised Urban Park Act. For that purpose, this study researched natural environment, artificial environment related laws of urban nature parks areas in Bukhansan(Mt.) that need immediate reconstruction. The way they were used was also studied.
The research includes the conditions of the urban nature park of Bukhansan, classified the parts of the mountain, decided proper location of different types of parks, and suggests specific ways to create and manage each type of parks. This study suggests grounds why certain parts of the urban nature parks in Bukhansan should be conserved, restored, or could be used. On the basis of the grounds, this study set 4 land use types of the park ; areas that needs absolute preservation, areas that should be preserved or restored, areas that can be used in an environmentally friendly way, and lastly areas that should be highly utilized.
Areas that needs absolute preservation were steep and precipitous areas with a gradient of 30～45°, areas with biotope grade 1, and areas that are designated as wild bird refuges by evaluation of wild bird habitats. The type of land use of such areas were cultural sites and forest (I) that was given biotope grade 1, 2, 3. Land ownership of these areas were cultural sites that are public and common land, and forest (I) with biotope grade 1, 2, 3. The park creation plan of these areas suggested no park facilities area.
Areas that should be preserved or restored are areas with a gradient of 20～30°, biotope with biotope grade 2, 3, and areas that are designated as wild bird refuges by evaluation of wild bird habitats. The type of land use of these areas were lakes and marshes and forest (II) that was given biotope grade 4. Land ownership of such areas were forest (II) with biotope grade 4 that is public and common land, and forest (II) with biotope grade 4 that is private land. The park creation plan of these areas suggested park facilities area.
Areas that can be used in an environmentally friendly way were steep slopes with a gradient of 5～10°, biotope with biotope grade 4, and areas that are designated as wild bird refuges by evaluation of wild bird habitats. The land use type of such areas were lakes and marshes and forest (II) that was given biotope grade 4. Land ownership of such areas were lakes and marshes, and barren land within forest that is public and common land, and a barren land within forest that is private land. Park creation plan of these areas suggested park facilities(not built yet) and no park facilities area(areas where a park can be built with low density).
Areas that should be highly utilized were flat land with a gradient of less than 5°, biotope with biotope grade 5, and areas that are designated as wild bird refuges by evaluation of wild bird habitats. The type of land use of such areas were urbanization areas, planted areas and barren land within forest. Land ownership of such areas were urbanization areas and planted areas that are public and common land, and an urbanization area that is private land. Park creation plan of these areas suggested park facilities(built) and no park facilities area(areas where a park can be built with high density).
To properly locate different types of urban nature parks of Bukhansan, detailed standards of each park type were set and 4 sites for neighborhood park and seven sites for theme parks were selected. To decide what type of park should be built in what type of land in the urban nature park areas of Bukhansan, land use type, a user questionnaire, accessibility, creation of parks based on natural environment and natural ecosystem, and construction and size criteria of urban parks were studied.
Areas where urban nature parks can be built in Bukhansan are areas that needs absolute preservation and areas that should be preserved or restored. And these areas have forest landscape viewpoint, forest and urban landscape viewpoint. They also have natural valleys, naturalized valleys, and artificial valleys whose water system is 0～4m long. These areas are also being used as habitats for Hynobius nebulosus and a park in these areas should be built as natural parks under a park creation plan. These areas have average or poor accessibility and have water springs, athletic facilities, and rest facilities.
Neighborhood park should be built in areas that should be highly utilized. These areas have forest and urban landscape viewpoint. Parks with a variety of facilities or athletic facilities can be built in theses areas. These areas have easy accessibility, athletic facilities and rest facilities.
Theme parks should be built in areas that should be preserved or restored(i.e. forest ecological parks), or areas that can be used in an environmentally friendly way. These areas have forest landscape viewpoint and forest and urban landscape viewpoint. They also have natural valleys, and naturalized valleys, and artificial valleys whose water system is 0～4m long. These areas are also being used as habitats for Hynobius nebulosus. Parks in here should be built as natural parks where people can take a rest. These areas have easy or average accessibility and water springs, spring out areas, athletic facilities and rest facilities.
More specifically, this study suggests among neighborhood park, Bugaksan Octagonal Pavilion which is a rest facility should be a neighborhood park within walking distance. A small neighborhood park for rural life can be built in areas with closed church at Bugaksan in Seongbuk-gu. At the ridge near Jeongneung 4 dong, Seongbuk-gu, a neighborhood park within walking distance is suggested to be created. At the ridge near Mia-dong, Gangbuk-gu, a neighborhood park within a city is suggested to be built.
Urban greening botanical garden is suggested to be built in an area where educational facilities of Korea University are. The area is located at Gugi Tunnel in Bulgwangdong, Eunpyeong-gu. A waterside park is proposed for areas with street parks near Gugi Tunnel in Bulgwangdong, Eunpyeong-gu. A marsh observation center is suggested for the valleys in steep slopes in Hongeun-dong, Seodaemun-gu, a park of urban agriculture is suggested for fields under cultivation in Hongeun-dong, Seodaemun-gu, and an observation center for wild berries and wild flowers is suggested for urban environmental forest in Hongeun-dong, Seodaemun-gu. A forest ecological park is proposed for the area where Yonghwasa temple in Bugaknsan is located. And finally, a center for learning of nature is proposed for fields under cultivation located near Jeongsu Elementary School in Seongbuk-gu.
As for plans for management and creation of each type of urban nature parks, since the urban nature park areas in Bukhansan represent natural ecology and natural landscape of the mountain, the aim of the plans is to conserve the mountain's natural ecology and natural landscape and to use the park in an environmentally friendly way. For this aim, this study set management categories which include management of natural resources, creation and management of facilities, and management of the way the parks is used. The plans to manage the parks this study proposes include a plan to conserve and restore ecosystem of the parks, a plan to manage existing facilities, a plan to create landscape view and a nature observation trail, a plan to close each one of the hiking trails in the mountain in turn every year so that they can be protected from being damaged by too much use, and a plant to use the hiking trails.
The plan to manage neighborhood park suggests to check and replace facilities in the parks on a regular basis, and ensure stable management. Restoration and reconstruction of cut slope and prevention of soil washed away in barren places are suggested.
The plan to manage theme parks suggests to improve naturalness of the theme parks and of areas surrounding them. It also proposes follow-up maintenance measures such as creation, repeated monitoring, and checks on conditions of the theme parks through clear criteria.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 개정된 도시공원법을 바탕으로 입지적 특성에 따라 재정비가 시급한 북한산도시자연공원의 자연환경ㆍ인문환경ㆍ관련법규ㆍ이용행태 등을 조사분석하고 보존 및 이용계획을 위한 토지용도배분을 통하여 적정공원유형배분방안 제시와 도시자연공원구역의 관리방안과 생활권공원 및 주제공원의 조성 및 관리방안을 제안하고자 하였다.
연구의 내용은 크게 현황조사분석, 토지용도구분, 적정공원유형배분, 공원유형별 조성 및 관리방안으로 구분하였으며 북한산도시자연공원의 토지용도구분은 절대보전지역, 보전 및 복원지역, 친환경 이용지역, 적극 이용지역의 4개 지역으로 토지용도유형을 설정하였다.
절대보전지역은 경사도가 30∼45°인 험준지 및 절험지, 비오톱유형 평가 등급 1, 야생조류 절대보존지구, 토지이용은 문화유적지와 비오톱유형 평가 등급1ㆍ2ㆍ3인 산림지역(Ⅰ), 토지소유는 국ㆍ공유지인 문화유적지와 산림지역(Ⅰ), 공원조성계획은 시설외 지구(녹지지역)가 해당되었다. 보전 및 복원지역은 경사도가 20∼30°인 급경사지, 비오톱유형 평가 등급 2ㆍ3, 야생조류 보호지구, 토지이용은 하천 및 호소ㆍ비오톱유형 평가 등급 4인 산림지역(Ⅱ), 토지소유는 국ㆍ공유지 산림지역(Ⅱ)와 사유지 산림지역(Ⅱ), 공원조성계획은 공원시설지구(녹지지역)가 해당되었다.
친환경 이용지역은 경사도가 5∼10°인 급경사지, 비오톱유형 평가 등급 4, 야생조류 보호지구, 토지이용은 하천 및 호소ㆍ산림지역(Ⅱ), 토지소유는 국ㆍ공유지로 하천 및 호소와 산림지역 내 나지와 사유지로 산림지역 내 나지, 공원조성계획은 공원시설지구(미시설지역)ㆍ시설외 지구(밀도가 낮은 공원조성지)가 해당되었다. 적극 이용지역은 경사도가 5°미만의 평탄지, 비오톱유형 평가 등급 5, 야생조류 서식지구, 토지이용은 도시화지역ㆍ조경수식재지ㆍ산림지역 내 나지, 토지소유는 국ㆍ공유지로 도시화지역ㆍ조경수식재지와 사유지로 도시화지역, 공원조성계획은 공원시설지구(시설지역)ㆍ시설외 지구(밀도가 높은 공원조성지)가 해당되었다.
북한산도시자연공원의 적정공원유형배분은 공원유형별 세부기준을 도출하여 생활권공원 4개소, 주제공원 7개소를 선정하고 적정공원유형배분을 시행하였다.
도시자연공원구역은 토지용도유형이 절대보전지역ㆍ보전 및 복원지역, 자연환경 중 경관이 산림경관조망ㆍ도시경관조망ㆍ산림도시경관조망, 수계는 수계폭 0∼4m이상ㆍ자연계곡ㆍ자연형계곡(돌쌓기)ㆍ인공정비계곡, 자연생태는 도롱뇽 서식처, 공원조성방향은 자연과 같은 공원, 접근성은 보통ㆍ불리, 공원조성 및 시설물 현황은 약수터ㆍ체육시설ㆍ휴게시설인 지역이 해당되었다. 생활권공원은 토지용도유형이 적극이용지역, 자연환경 중 경관이 산림ㆍ도시경관 조망, 공원조성방향은 다양한 시설이 도입된 공원 또는 운동과 체육시설 중심공원, 접근성이 용이, 공원조성 및 시설물 현황은 체육시설, 휴게시설인 지역이 해당되었다. 주제공원은 토지용도유형이 보전 및 복원지역(산림생태공원)ㆍ친환경 이용지역ㆍ적극이용지역, 자연환경 중 경관이 산림경관조망ㆍ산림도시경관조망, 수계는 수계폭 0∼4mㆍ자연계곡ㆍ자연형계곡(돌쌓기), 인공정비계곡, 자연생태는 도롱뇽 서식처(산림생태공원), 공원조성방향은 휴식중심공원ㆍ자연과 같은 공원, 접근성은 용이ㆍ보통, 공원조성 및 시설물 현황은 약수터ㆍ용출지ㆍ체육시설ㆍ휴게시설 등이 설치된 지역이 해당되었다.
한편, 각 공간별 적정공원유형으로 생활권공원 중 북악산 팔각정휴게소는 도보권 근린공원, 성북구 북악산 폐교회부지는 전원형 근린소공원, 성북구 정릉 4동 능선부는 도보권 근린공원, 강북구 미아동 능선부는 도시지역권 근린공원으로 공원유형을 배분하였다. 주제공원 중 은평구 불광동 구기터널 고려대 교육용부지는 도시녹화식물원ㆍ가로공원 부지는 수변공원, 서대문구 홍은동 급경사 계곡지역은 습지관찰원ㆍ밭경작지는 도시농업공원ㆍ도시환경림지역은 야생초화관찰원, 성북구 북악산 용화사지역은 산림생태공원ㆍ정수초교 밭경작지는 자연학습원으로 공원유형을 배분하였다.
공원유형별 관리방안으로 도시자연공원구역은 생태계 보존 및 복원방안, 기존 시설물의 관리와 경관조망 및 자연관찰로 조성방안, 등산로 휴식년제 및 이용프로그램 도입 방안을 제안하였다. 생활권 공원의 관리방안은 시설물의 정기적인 점검과 교체가 필요하며 안정성을 고려하여야 하고 절개지의 복원 및 복구, 나지의 토양유실방지와 경관향상을 제안하였다. 주제공원의 관리방안은 주제공원 조성 지역을 포함한 주변지역의 자연성을 증진시키고 명확한 방향설정을 통한 주제공원 조성 및 지속적인 모니터링과 사후관리를 제안하였다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제 1 장 서론 = 1
• 제 2 장 연구의 이론적 고찰 = 3
• 제 1 절 도시공원 및 녹지 등에 관한 법률 고찰 = 3
• 제 2 절 도시자연공원의 이용자특성에 관한 연구 = 9
• 제 3 절 토지 및 자연생태계 평가방법에 관한 연구 = 11
• 제 4 절 공원의 적지분석에 관한 연구 = 15
• 제 5 절 도시공원의 조성방향 및 유형에 관한 연구 = 16
• 제 3 장 연구의 이론적 틀 구성 및 연구내용 = 19
• 제 1 절 연구의 이론적 틀 구성 = 19
• 1. 이론적 고찰 및 연구 적용 = 19
• 2. 연구 방향 및 진행틀 구성 = 21
• 제 2 절 연구내용 = 22
• 제 4 장 연구방법 = 23
• 제 1 절 연구대상지 = 23
• 제 2 절 연구항목별 조사분석항목 = 24
• 제 3 절 조사분석방법 = 25
• 1. 북한산도시자연공원 현황조사분석 = 25
• 2. 토지용도구분 = 30
• 3. 적정공원유형배분 = 30
• 4. 공원유형별 조성 및 관리방안 = 31
• 제 5 장 결과 및 고찰 = 32
• 제 1 절 연구대상지 개황 = 32
• 1. 공원 개황 = 32
• 2. 대상지 개황 = 32
• 제 2 절 북한산도시자연공원 현황 = 33
• 1. 자연환경 = 33
• 2. 자연생태 = 44
• 3. 공원일반현황 = 60
• 제 3 절 토지용도구분 = 72
• 1. 토지용도구분 기준설정 = 72
• 2. 북한산도시자연공원 토지용도구분 = 74
• 제 4 절 적정공원유형배분 = 92
• 1. 공원유형별 기준설정 = 92
• 2. 북한산도시자연공원 적정공원유형배분 = 93
• 제 5 절 공원유형별 조성 및 관리방안 = 98
• 1. 도시자연공원구역 관리방안 = 98
• 2. 생활권공원 조성 및 관리방안 = 108
• 3. 주제공원 조성 및 관리방안 = 110
• 제 6 장 결론 = 113
• 인용문헌 = 115
• 부록. 북한산도시자연공원 식물군집구조 = 119
• Summary = 126