Obesity is caused by an imbalance in the energy metabolism, and in particular by sex, shows a distinct difference in phenotype and metabolic regulation mechanisms. While most studies have concluded that the reason of this difference was the effect of ...
Obesity is caused by an imbalance in the energy metabolism, and in particular by sex, shows a distinct difference in phenotype and metabolic regulation mechanisms. While most studies have concluded that the reason of this difference was the effect of sex hormones, there has recently been a need to understand various variables including genes in sex chromosomes, in addition to sex hormones. In this study, we intended to identify estrogen specific effects on sex differences in energy metabolism and gut microbiota composition in diet-induces obesity model using male, female, and ovariectomized female mice. Seven weeks of C57BL/6J male and female mice were operated on ovariectomy or sham-operation, and after 10 weeks of feeding with high-fat diets, energy metabolism biomarkers and gut microbiota taxonomic profiling analysis were conducted. The study found that the rate of increase in body weight of males and the amount of adipose tissue were significantly higher than those of females, and the ovariectomy on female caused similar extent to males. Inflammation of adipose tissue was also higher than that of females in males and ovariectomized females. The lipid metabolic indicators (ACC, FAS, LPL, HSL) in the adipose tissue were expressed in males in a direction that increased lipogenesis and decreased lipolysis compared to females, and ovariectomy also caused changes in the same way. The increased adipose tissue resulted in higher levels of leptin in males and ovariectomized females, confirming that leptin sensitivity was impaired and increased dietary intake. In males, on the other hand, the fasting blood glucose and the fasting insulin were higher and the adiponectin were lower compare to females, but there was no significant effect from ovariectomy. Analysis of the expression of the glucose metabolic indicators (PI3K, Akt, GLUT4) in adipose tissue confirmed that the male's insulin sensitivities were significantly damaged compared to females and compared to other tissues. The analysis of fecal microbiota composition showed that the alpha-diversity in males is significantly lower than that of females, and ovariectomy in females triggered the distribution of microbiota similar to males. In addition, taxa showing significant sex differences in proportion were classified into two groups, either affected or not affected by ovariectomy. As a result, this study identified the possibility of non-estrogen effects on sex differences in energy metabolism and gut microbiota composition, and having difference in their tissue-specific reactivity to energy metabolism.