Dialects at school : educating linguistically diverse students

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Keyword lexical set for English vowels based on Wells (1982) = xiii
• Preface = xv
• 1 An Introduction to Language Variation in America = 1
• Scenario = 1
• Deficit Versus Difference = 1
• Cultural Differences = 6
• Issues and Definitions = 7
• Popular Meanings of Dialect = 8
• Accent and Dialect = 9
• Sources of Dialect Differences : Region and Social Class = 10
• Language Variation and Judgments about Correctness = 13
• Language, Logic, and Language Complexity = 15
• Standard English = 17
• Dialects and Understanding = 19
• Multiple Dialects in Schools = 21
• Language Attitudes in Society = 22
• Discussion Questions = 27
• Links of Interest = 28
• Further Reading = 28
• References = 29
• 2 Exploring Dialects = 31
• Scenario = 31
• Dialect Change in the United States = 32
• Language Study = 34
• Analyzing Linguistic Differences = 36
• Levels of Language Differences = 36
• Linguistic Factors Contributing to Language Variation = 38
• Social and Historical Factors Contributing to Language Variation = 41
• Examining Dialect Patterns = 43
• Discussion Questions = 47
• Links of Interest = 48
• Further Reading = 48
• References = 49
• 3 Variation in Dialect Systems = 51
• Scenario = 51
• Vocabulary Differences = 52
• Pronunciation Differences = 55
• Pronunciation Differences in Which Consonants are Added = 55
• Pronunciation Differences in Which Vowels are Added = 56
• Pronunciation Differences in Which Consonants are Lost = 56
• Pronunciation Differences in Which Vowels are Lost = 58
• Pronunciation Differences in Which Consonants are Changed = 58
• Pronunciation Differences in Which Vowels are Changed = 59
• Pronunciation Differences in Which Vowels are Merged = 61
• Pronunciation Differences in Which Vowel Systems are Shifted = 62
• Beyond Consonants and Vowels in Pronunciation = 63
• Grammatical Differences = 65
• Grammatical Differences Related to Verbs and Verb Phrases = 65
• Differences Involving the Verb To Be = 65
• Differences Involving Other Verbs = 66
• Negation = 69
• Grammatical Differences Related to Nouns and Noun Phrases = 69
• Pronouns = 70
• Grammatical Differences Related to Adjectives and Adverbs = 71
• Illustrative Dialect Samples = 72
• Appalachian Ghost Story = 73
• Wild Life = 74
• Notes on Transcripts = 76
• Pronunciation = 76
• Grammatical Differences = 77
• Discussion Questions = 78
• Links of Interest = 79
• Further Reading = 79
• References = 80
• 4 Languages in Contact = 82
• Scenario = 82
• African American English = 83
• The Origins of African American English = 86
• The Changing State of African American English = 88
• Some Cultural Differences and Their Linguistic Significance = 89
• Latino English = 90
• The Origins of Latino English = 91
• The Status of Latino English = 93
• Latino English at School = 94
• Asian American English = 95
• Is There an Asian American Dialect? = 97
• Language Contact and Cultural Norms = 99
• Living with Language Behavior Difference = 101
• Discussion Questions = 102
• Links of Interest = 103
• Further Reading = 103
• References = 104
• 5 Establishing Language Norms = 107
• Scenario = 107
• Perceptions of Language Decline = 109
• Declining Standards of Usage? = 109
• Consequences of Deficit Thinking = 112
• Language Prescription = 114
• Technology, Literacy, and the Health of Modern English = 118
• Norms and Texting = 120
• The Specialized Language of Schools = 121
• Discussion Questions = 123
• Links of Interest = 124
• Further Reading = 124
• References = 125
• 6 Dialects and Language Assessment = 127
• Scenario = 127
• Assessing Students' Literacy Skills = 129
• Diversity and Standardized Testing = 131
• Test Norming = 132
• Question Design = 133
• Test Design = 134
• What is Being Measured? = 136
• Difference versus Disorder = 139
• Oral Language Assessment = 140
• Discussion Questions = 146
• Links of Interest = 146
• Further Reading = 147
• References = 147
• 7 Dialect Policy and Oral Language Program Development = 150
• Scenario = 150
• Standard English and Social Reality = 151
• Group Reference and Dialect Learning = 154
• Professional Organizations' Positions on Dialects and Dialect Education = 158
• Language Policy and Curriculum Development = 161
• Recommendations for Policy Development = 161
• Recommendations for Curriculum Development = 164
• Methods of Teaching Spoken Standard English = 168
• Learning the Language of School = 171
• Discussion Questions = 172
• Links of Interest = 173
• Further Reading = 173
• References = 174
• 8 Dialects and Writing = 177
• Scenario = 177
• Oral and Written Language = 178
• Differences between Oral and Written Language = 178
• Vernacular Dialect and Writing = 180
• Vernacular Influence in Writing = 181
• Difference and Error in Written Language = 184
• Teaching Writing = 186
• Editing = 188
• Approaches to Editing = 189
• Peer Editing = 190
• Evaluation of Students' Writing = 190
• Classroom-Based Assessment = 192
• Marking = 193
• Writing in the Vernacular Dialect = 194
• Writing to Extend Thinking = 194
• Choosing the Vernacular in Writing = 194
• Dialogue Journals = 195
• Discussion Questions = 197
• Links of Interest = 197
• Further Reading = 198
• References = 198
• 9 Language Variation and Reading = 201
• Scenario = 201
• Written Language and Spoken Language = 203
• What Do Teachers Need to Know about Dialects to Teach Reading? = 204
• The Nature of Language Diversity = 205
• The Role of Physiology = 205
• Some Effects of Misunderstanding Reading Miscues = 207
• Language and Culture = 208
• Teaching Children to Relate Sound to Print = 210
• Effects of Dialect Differences on Reading Aloud = 211
• Comprehension Strategies = 212
• Dialects and Meaning-Based Reading Instruction = 213
• Teaching Children to Comprehend Text = 213
• Vocabulary = 214
• Background Knowledge and Comprehension = 215
• Reading Materials and Dialect Differences = 216
• Matching Materials and Dialects = 217
• Dialect Readers = 217
• Language Experience = 219
• Vernacular Dialect for Rhetorical Purpose = 219
• Reading and the Acquisition of Standard English = 220
• Accommodating Social and Cultural Identity in Teaching Reading = 221
• Reading Tests and Dialect Differences = 222
• Pronunciation, Grammar, and Vocabulary Differences = 222
• Background Knowledge = 224
• Other Fairness Factors = 225
• Discussion Questions = 227
• Links of Interest = 228
• Further Reading = 228
• References = 228
• 10 Dialect Awareness for Students = 232
• Scenario = 232
• Investigating Dialects = 235
• Components of Dialect Awareness Programs = 237
• Introduction to Language Diversity = 238
• Language Attitudes = 238
• Levels of Dialect = 241
• Dialect Patterning = 245
• Language Change = 254
• Implementing Dialect Awareness Curricula = 256
• Dialect Awareness Beyond K-12 = 256
• The Importance of Dialect Awareness for All Students = 261
• Discussion Questions = 263
• Links of Interest = 264
• Further Reading = 264
• References = 265
• Appendix = 268
• Index = 293