唐 前期 對外戰爭의 성격에 관한 연구

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In Chinese history, the Tang Dynasty has achieved unprecedented territorial expansion, which is rare for the ZhongYuan Dynasty, and thus is called the “Great Tang Empire” or the “World Empire”. For such territorial expansion and the maintenance of the empire, military power, of course, is necessary. So then how many wars has the Tang Dynasty went through? And among them how many wars has the Tang Dynasty won for sure? While expanding, the Tang Dynasty, though with its overwhelming military power, has not been always superior. Moreover, even though the Tang Dynasty took the offensive and kept expanding its influence, the period in which the peace is maintained and the security threat is fundamentally removed did not last long. If the requirements for an empire are to seize regional hegemony and secure an unchallenged position, the Tang Dynasty surely is not the case. Despite being overshadowed by the reputation of the “Great Tang Empire”, there still remains a doubt about the Tang Dynasty’s military power and the evaluation of its achievement. Furthermore, a claim that new world order centers on the Tang Dynasty’s oppressive peace system should be regarded with more skepticism. With this in mind, the paper reviews the national defense system of the Tang Dynasty before the An Lushan Rebellion, which is thought to be the early days of the Tang Dynasty by the academic world, and analyzes the strategic points and limitations of the Tang Dynasty’s military expansion.
First, in Part 1 the paper summarizes the change and the characteristics of the Tang Dynasty’s national defense system and explains how foreign wars have been carried out. Referring to the contents of “Tangliudian(唐六典)” and the “Code of Tang(唐律疏議)”, it also lists the regulations such as deployment, homecoming, and honors while clarifying the progress of war using the real-life examples. In Chapter 2, the organization and the operating process of “Xingjun(行軍)”, which is a military expeditionary force during the Tang Dynasty, are summarized in order to analyze the command system and calculate the size of the military mobilization.
In Part 2, the overall progress of foreign wars in early Tang Dynasty is reviewed, and aspects such as timing and opposing sides are analyzed. Part 2 focuses on three periods, which are “Emperor Gaozu to Emperor Taizong”, “Emperor Gaozong to Empress Wu Zetian”, and “Emperor Xuanzong”, and the Section 1 of each chapter analyzes each period’s progress of wars at macro level as well as the trends and characteristics of changes in the state of affairs. The complete review of all the military actions by each period then follows, along with a brief overview and a table summarizing the deployment of “Xingjun”, the mobilization of “Fanjiang(蕃將)” and foreign people, and the final result. Based on the data, the patterns of warfare and the military status of the Tang Dynasty are also drawn out.
Chapter 1 examines starting with the conquest of Turks how the Tang Dynasty has come to seize regional hegemony in “Emperor Gaozu to Emperor Taizong” period, focusing particularly on explaining how gaining control over Turks, “Xueyantuo”, and “Tuyuhun” differ from launching the preemptive strike against “Goguryeo” and small Western states. Chapter 2 covers how the Tang Dynasty’s military attacks end up reaching the limit during the reign of Emperor Gaozong and Empress Wu Zetian, trying to statistically examines the “Xingjun” deployment and the Tang Dynasty's military response in a situation where the environmental security is worsening. Chapter 3 highlights the key roles of military governorship in foreign wars during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong and explains how the Tang Dynasty’s expansion has come to an end after reaching the peak.
Part 3 tries to show the characteristics and limitations of foreign wars carried out by the Tang Dynasty. Chapter 1 focuses on how the Tang Dynasty perceives wars in order to understand the background of the establishment of the Tang Dynasty's military strategy. Since the war between the Han Dynasty and the Huns, the Zhongyuan Dynasty has been burdened with wars with the nomadic nations of the north. With this in mind, the Tang Dynasty’s perception towards the method of military expansion is reviewed, and by case-studying Emperor Taizong’s invasion of “Goguryeo” Chapter 1 demonstrates that “Catching the enemy using enemies” has to be the key in military expansion. Chapter 2 tries to identify the specific characteristics of the above strategy that appears in the Tang Dynasty’s foreign wars. “Fanjiang” and “Fanbing(蕃兵)”, which account for a large proportion of the Tang Dynasty’s military power, and then the handling of another ethnic groups so as to get them involved in the wars are discussed. In addition, unlike other studies that paid little attention, Chapter 2 underlines the fact that the military achievements of the Tang Dynasty has been largely driven by external factors rather than its military power by highlighting the Tang Dynasty’s tactics such as dispatching spies for the purpose of alienation and separation. Finally Chapter 3 explains the structural weaknesses inherent in operating the army of the Tang Dynasty and concludes that there is a limitation in military expansion.
In summary, the Tang Dynasty at the beginning did not have a clear strategy for expansion. The reasons why it had no choice but to continue the wars are the fact that a war cannot completely remove the security threat and that a war leads to more wars.
During the period from the reign of Emperor Gaozu to Emperor Xuanzong, there were numerous discussions about foreign wars at the royal court, but economic benefits were never mentioned. That the areas outside of Zhongyuan are not beneficial to China was the prevailing perception. So-called the prosperity of the Silk Road was mainly due to a wartime economy. A huge number of resources were mobilized, and those resources were distributed to nomadic tribes. By the time Emperor Xuanzong reigned, military governorship became usual and even permanent at each front, forming an economic bloc in itself. Therefore, it is persuasive to say that to nomadic nations the control over the Western trade route has an economic significance, but not to the Tang Dynasty. Until the mid-eighth century, the Tang Dynasty pursued territorial expansion, but it could not gain economic benefits from the territories it had taken while expanding, rather possessing the character of a very “special” empire in which capital or resources are excessively outflowed.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 서 론 1
• 제1편 唐 前期 국방체제와 '行軍'의 편성 16
• 제1장 唐 前期 국방체제와 전쟁수행의 절차 16
• 1. 兵制의 변화과정과 특징 16
• 2. 전쟁의 준비와 진행, 마무리 25
• 제2장 '行軍'의 편성과 운용 34
• 1. '行軍'의 구조와 병력 구성 34
• 2. '行軍'에 필요한 물자 37
• 3. '行軍'에 대한 병참 규정 43
• 제2편 唐 前期 대외전쟁의 전개 양상 47
• 제1장 高祖ㆍ太宗 시기(618~649) : 帝國의 판도 구축 47
• 1. 군사적 팽창 과정의 특징 47
• 2. 직접적 안보위협 여부와 전쟁 양상의 차이 59
• 1) 돌궐ㆍ토욕혼ㆍ설연타 제압 59
• 2) 서역 진출과 고구려 침공 64
• 제2장 高宗ㆍ則天武后 시기(650~711) : 대외공세의 한계 봉착 71
• 1. 전쟁 규모의 확대와 군사적 실패의 증가 71
• 2. 새로운 안보위협 세력에 대한 대응 양상 90
• 1) 토번과의 전쟁과 安西四鎭의 관리 90
• 2) 돌궐 제2제국의 부상과 수세 국면으로의 전환 98
• 제3장 玄宗 시기(712~755) : 팽창의 정점과 종식 105
• 1. 군사적 공세의 재개와 전쟁 방식의 변화 105
• 2. 반복되는 전쟁의 구조 122
• 1) 토번과의 서역 패권 경쟁 및 南詔의 부상 122
• 2) 돌궐 제2제국의 부침과 거란ㆍ발해와의 갈등 관계 133
• 제3편 唐의 군사전략과 한계 142
• 제1장 唐 조야의 대외전쟁 인식 142
• 제2장 唐의 전쟁 승리 요소 152
• 1. 蕃將과 蕃兵의 '行軍' 동원 152
• 2. 이민족의 전쟁 참여 159
• 3. 내분 유도와 개입 163
• 제3장 唐의 군사적 한계성 168
• 결 론 178
• 參考文獻 185
• Abstract 201