This study delves into the monarchial theories of Yeongjo and Jeongjo, two pivotal monarchs of 18th-century Joseon. The term "monarchial theory" herein refers to a holistic evaluation of a monarch's governance, encompassing their political philosophy ...
This study delves into the monarchial theories of Yeongjo and Jeongjo, two pivotal monarchs of 18th-century Joseon. The term "monarchial theory" herein refers to a holistic evaluation of a monarch's governance, encompassing their political philosophy and ideology, strategies for resolving political challenges, policies, and their attitudes toward subjects.
The research examines four key studies on Yeongjo and five on Jeongjo (considering Jeongjo’s collected works as a single text).
Yeongjo’s monarchial theory revolves around the concept of the "Confucian Sage-King." The studies highlight his efforts to restore royal authority, which had been compromised during periods of intense factional strife and a tumultuous royal succession process. Yeongjo’s governance was deeply rooted in Confucian ideals, exemplified by his commitment to virtues esteemed in Neo-Confucianism, such as filial piety, austerity, diligence, self-cultivation, and scholarly discourse.
Jahyun Kim Haboush characterized these efforts as a "politics of rhetoric." Lee Hee-hwan argued that Yeongjo’s initiatives not only justified but also facilitated impartial governance and the strengthening of royal authority. In contrast, Kim Baek-cheol posited that Yeongjo attained a transcendent form of authority by emulating the ideals of Yao and Shun, using this authority to advance the welfare of his people.
Furthermore, Choo Chaeyoung illustrated how Yeongjo employed the rhetoric of the Sage-King to overcome political stagnation and address public welfare issues through direct interaction with his subjects, such as public summons and inspections.
Conversely, Jeongjo’s monarchial theory centers on the concept of "reform." Lee Tae-jin characterized Jeongjo as a "Confucian Enlightened Absolute Monarch," evaluating his governance as a potential pathway to indigenous modernization. Park Hyun-mo described Jeongjo as an "active sage king," recognizing his reformist endeavors but ultimately deeming them unsuccessful and attributing the political challenges of the era to his reign.
Christopher Lovins critiqued the domestic academic perspective that portrays Jeongjo as a precursor to modernity, instead likening him to France’s Louis XIV and defining him as an "Enlightened Despot." Jeongjo’s collected works analyze his governance through four categories- literature, military affairs, rites, and law-emphasizing that his reforms sought to restore Neo-Confucian order. Kim Baek-cheol challenged the prevailing depiction of Jeongjo as a monarch with unstable authority and incomplete reforms, arguing that such views are a later construct and that Jeongjo exercised strong royal authority and decisive leadership from the outset of his reign.
Yeongjo’s monarchial theory thus highlights the ideal of a ruler striving to embody the virtues of a "Neo-Confucian Sage-King," whereas Jeongjo’s theory underscores the "reformist politics" of an ideal ruler.
Although Jeongjo inherited both the achievements and limitations of Yeongjo, he implemented similar policies in various domains. The key distinction between Yeongjo’s "Sage-King theory" and Jeongjo’s "Reformist Monarch theory" lies in the focus of their governance: Yeongjo prioritized processes, while Jeongjo emphasized the orientation and outcomes of his policies.
By examining the monarchial theories of Yeongjo and Jeongjo, we gain insights into the efforts of 18th-century Joseon monarchs to address the historical challenges of their time, as well as the perspectives of later evaluations on their governance. These theories illuminate the philosophical underpinnings and practical strategies employed by two of Joseon’s most influential rulers in their pursuit of effective and ideal governance.