하워드 진(Howard Zinn)의 역사교육관 = Howard Zinn’s Theory and Practice on History Education

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Howard Zinn looked at history based on the assumption that historians facing the past can not take an objective and neutral attitude. And among the many historical facts, it was historically important to help understanding the present or to help solving the present problems. And he saw that facts that were not common in history but fulfilled what they wanted, or facts that failed to reach achievement and were defeated or frustrated could be important pasts.
Zinn emphasized that this view can also be applied to teaching and learning history. Although it was inevitable for a teacher to clearly establish his or her own view of history, it was inappropriate to hide it, knowing that there would be disagreements with students' consciousness. In addition, the teachers who choose what to teach and how to hide their judgment criteria and maintain a neutral attitude were neither possible nor just.
For this reason, Zinn stressed that the teacher should be embracing students’ views while revealing his point of view, and it is necessary to ask questions that will help students to judge themselves, showing the controversial nature of historical interpretation . He also suggested ways of seeing past facts from the viewpoints of subjects not covered by historical textbooks or history lessons. He also emphasized that history is worth learning when it affects the recognition and practice of students.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 황혜성, "하워드 진: 초기 미국의 이상을 꿈꾼 행동하는 지식인" 문화사학회 (20) : 209-238, 2010

2 하워드 진, "하워드 진, 역사의 힘" 예담 2009

3 하워드 진, "하워드 진, 교육을 말하다" 궁리 2008

4 칼 마르크스, "프랑스 혁명사 3부작" 소나무 1991

5 최성철, "풀뿌리 역사가 하워드 진" 역사문제연구소 (81) : 180-201, 2007

6 최성철, "패자들을 위한 진혼곡: 하워드 진의 민중사학" 한국미국사학회 26 : 221-254, 2007

7 하워드 진, "전쟁에 반대한다 : 우리 시대에 고하는 하워드 진의 반전 메시지" 이후 2002

8 하워드 진, "왜 대통령들은 거짓말을 하는가? : 시민 권력을 위한 불온한 정치사(史)" 일상과 이상 2012

9 하워드 진, "오만한 제국 : 미국의 이데올로기로부터 독립" 일월서각 2001

10 하워드 진, "역사의 정치학 : 가치 있는 역사는 어떻게 만들어지는가?" 마인드큐브 2018

11 백은진, "민주 시민 양성을 위한 역사교육: 접점과 간극" 학습자중심교과교육학회 19 (19): 961-980, 2019

12 하워드 진, "미국 민중사를 만든 목소리들: 미국사에 감춰진 저항과 투쟁 자유와 해방의 언어들" 이후 2011

13 하워드 진, "미국 민중사 2" 이후 2008

14 하워드 진, "미국 민중사 1" 이후 2008

15 하워드 진, "미국 민중 저항사" 일월서각 1986

16 하워드 진, "달리는 기차 위에 중립은 없다" 이후 2002

17 노엄 촘스키, "냉전과 대학 : 냉전의 서막과 미국의 지식인들" 당대 2001

18 하워드 진, "권력을 이긴 사람들: 하워드 진의 새로운 역사 에세이" 난장 2008

19 Sam Wineburg, "Why Learn History(When It’s Already on Your Phone)" The University of Chicago Press 2018

20 Sam Wineburg, "Undue Certainty: Where Howard Zinn’s A People’s History Falls Short" (Winter) : 27-34, 2012

21 Patrick E. Tyler, "Threats and Responses : News Analysis; A New Power in the Streets"

22 Stéphane Lévesque, "Thinking Historically : Educating Students for the Twenty-First Century" University of Toronto Press 2008

23 Randall Stephens, "Teaching History to Undergrads: An Interview with Sam Wineburg"

24 Sam Wineburg, "Howard Zinn’s Anti-Textbook: Teachers and Students love A People’s History of the United States. But it’s as limited ― and closed-minded ― as the textbooks it replaces"

25 "Howard Zinn talks to social studies teachers"

26 Prentice Chandler, "Howard Zinn and teaching against dystopia" 46 (46): 2010

27 Staughton Lynd, "Doing History from the Bottom Up: On E. P. Thompson, Howard Zinn, and Rebuilding the Labor Movement from Below" Haymarket Books 2014

28 Howard Zinn, "A People's History of the United States, 1492～present" Harper & Row 1980