UN헌장 제51조상의‘무력공격’에 이르지 않는 소규모 적대행위에 대한 무력대응 가능성과 그 국제법적 한계 -‘부대자위권’의 개념정립을 위한 시론 -

국문 초록 (Abstract)

2010년 3월 천안함 피격사건과 동년 11월 발생한 연평도 포격사건은 한반도에서 북한의 군사도발이 발생할 경우 국제법상의 자위권 행사 가능성과 그 구체적 범위에 관한 논의를 촉발하는 계기를 마련하였다. 이 사건들에서는 북한의 도발 자체가 자위권 행사의 대상인 ‘무력공격’에 해당한다는 점에 대하여 별다른 이의가 제기되지 않았다. 그러나 한반도에서 주기적으로 반복되고 있는 북한의 소규모 기습도발에 대해서도 이상의 논의가 그대로 적용될 수 있을지에 대해서는 의문이 제기된다. 국제사법재판소는 1986년의 Nicaragua case에서 자위권 행사의 전제가 되는 무력공격 요건에 일정한 임계점을 설정함으로써, 규모와 효과 면에서 일정한 중대성을 충족하지 못하는 소규모 적대행위에 대해서는 UN헌장 제51조의 자위권 행사가 허용되지 않는다고 설시한 바 있기 때문이다. 특히 ICJ가 중대성 요건을 충족하지 못하는 대표적 사례로 제시한 ‘단순 국경충돌’은 통상적인 북한의 무력도발 유형에 해당한다는 점에서, 그와 같은 소규모 적대행위에 대해서는 피해국에게 있어 사실상 어떠한 무력대응도 허용되지 않는 것인지 의문이 제기될 수밖에 없게 된다.
그동안 국내에서 이루어진 자위권에 관한 논의는 주로 천안함 피격사건과 연평도 포격사건을 대상으로 했다는 점에서 그 범위는 주로 ‘국가자위’에 초점을 두고 있었다. 따라서 남북간의 군사적 대치 국면에서 주로 비무장지대나 북방한계선에서 이루어지는 소규모 국경충돌 시 원용 가능한 소위 ‘부대자위’에 관한 논의는 좀처럼 찾아보기 어려운 것이 현실이다. 부대 차원에서 일선 부대 지휘관이 공격을 받았을 때 구체적으로 언제, 어떠한 방식으로, 어느 범위까지 대응 가능한지를 가늠하기 위해서는 국제법상 부대자위권의 법적 근거와 그 한계가 명확히 해명될 필요가 있을 것이다. 본고에서는 국가들의 법적 확신을 보여주는 교전규칙을 바탕으로, 부대자위권 역시 UN 헌장 제51조에 따른 국가자위권의 하위 범주에 속한다는 결론을 도출하였다. 이와 같은 논의는 유엔 헌장 제51조에 따른 무력공격의 중대성 요건을 충족하지 못하는 소규모 적대행위에 대한 무력대응의 법적 기초와 그 한계를 좀 더 명확히 하는 데 유용한 이론적·실천적 도구가 될 수 있을 것이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The sinking of ROKS(Republic of Korea Ship) Cheonan in March 2010 and the shelling of Yeonpyeong‐island in November of the same year provided an opportunity to discuss the possibility and specific scope of self-defence under international law in the event of a North Korean military provocation on the Korean Peninsula. In these cases, little objection was raised that North Korea’s provocation itself was an ‘armed attack’, subject to self-defence. However, it is questioned whether the above discussion can be applied to North Korea’s repeated small‐scale surprise provocations on the Korean peninsula. According to the International Court of Justice(1986 Nicaragua case), only those attacks that meet an undefined ‘scale and effects’ threshold trigger the right of national self-defence. In particular, the “mere frontier incident” presented by the ICJ as a representative example of failure to meet gravity requirements is a normal type of North Korean armed provocation. In that respect, for such small‐scale hostilities, questions are raised as to whether virtually no armed response is allowed for the affected country.
In the meantime, the scope was mainly focused on national self-defence in that the discussion on right of self-defence in Korea has mainly targeted the sinking of ROKS Cheonan case and the Yeonpyeong‐island shelling case. Therefore, in the military confrontation between the two Koreas, it is true that it is hard to find a debate about so‐called “unit self-defence” that can be used in small‐scale border collisions, mostly in the Demilitarized Zone or the Northern Limit Line. To determine when, in what way, and to what extent, when a frontline unit commander is attacked at the unit level, under international law, the legal basis and limitations of the right of unit self-defence will need to be elucidated. In this paper, based on the rules of engagement that show the opinio juris of countries, it is concluded that the right of unit self-defence is a subset of the right of national self-defence under Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations. Such discussions could be useful theoretical and practical tools to clarify the legal basis and limitations of armed responses to small scale hostilities that do not meet the gravity requirements of armed attack under Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론
• Ⅱ. UN헌장 제2조 4항과 제51조 사이의 간극
• Ⅲ. 국가실행의 분석
• Ⅳ. 소규모 적대행위에 대한 무력대응의 국제법적 근거 검토
• Ⅴ. 결론
• 국문초록
• ABSTRACT

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