This study was motivated by the desire to find a logically consistent solution to the recent situation in which various problems and criticisms have been raised about corporate division and solutions have been proposed. Furthermore, in the confrontati...
This study was motivated by the desire to find a logically consistent solution to the recent situation in which various problems and criticisms have been raised about corporate division and solutions have been proposed. Furthermore, in the confrontation between the personality-split theory and the in-kind contribution theory regarding the nature of corporate division, it was questioned whether the issues surrounding corporate division could be resolved in a reasonable manner if the in-kind contribution theory was applied. The traditional personality-split theory understands corporate division as a reorganization in the opposite direction of merger, but it conflicts with the law that personality cannot be divided. The corporate division system is used when a company wants to transfer some of its property for business needs and establish a new company. If we summarize the conceptual elements of corporate division, it is ① transfer of property, ② issuance of new shares, and ③ establishment of a company. As such, corporate division is done for the purpose of establishing a company, and in this respect, the establishment of a company through in-kind contribution and the establishment of a company through corporate division are essentially the same act. In other words, corporate division is a special form of in-kind contribution.
The conventional personality-split theory had the utility of being able to explain the extinguishing division and provide a basis for making procedural special cases of corporate division, such as the granting of partial effect of universal succession or exemption from the inspection procedure. However, the personality-split theory is only a synonym for “It is a corporate division because it is a corporate division.” It is impossible to provide any transactional law explanation for the reorganization transaction called a corporate division because it is just a repetition of the same word; it has the difficulty of not covering various forms of corporate divisions; it overlooks the fact that the economic motivation for corporate division is the establishment of a company through the contribution of property by focusing only on the fact that the spin-off company is dissolved without going through the liquidation process; it does not consider the indivisibility of personality; and it contradicts the taxation system. Moreover, considering that there have been various changes in the legal environment surrounding corporate division since the introduction of the corporate division system in December 1998, there is a great need to discuss alternative perspectives.
The legislative systems of corporate division can be categorized into four spectrums. First, the U.S. legislation (Type 1 legislation) does not have a separate corporate division system and achieves spin-offs and corporate divisions through the establishment of a corporation through in-kind investment and in-kind distribution of shares (however, recognizing the utility of the spin-off system, Pennsylvania and Texas codified the corporate division system in 1988 and 1989). At the opposite end of the spectrum are the French and British legislative examples (Type 4 legislative examples), in which corporate division means only split-off. Eclectic legislative examples include Japan (Type 2 legislation) and Germany and Korea (Type 3 legislation). In Japan, corporate division refers to a spin-off, and it is possible to achieve the same result as a conventional split-off by allocating shares to the shareholders of the spin-off company. In Germany, as in Korea, split-off is the principle form of corporate division, and spin-off is the exceptional form. It is also worth noting that although the corporate division legislation of major countries appears in such a diverse spectrum, all of them consider the economic substance of corporate division to be in-kind contributions.
The traditional in-kind contribution theory explains that a corporate division should be understood from a property law perspective as an equity transaction to establish a subsidiary company. The existing in-kind contribution theory has the merit of attempting to analyze the transaction process of corporate division according to its substance, but it has the limitation that it overlooks the fact that dividend in kind is possible under the Commercial Act 2011 and is silent on the difference between corporate division and corporate establishment through in-kind contribution. Therefore, it is necessary to redefine the in-kind contribution theory in the current sense. A corporate division is a series of reorganizations in which a new company is established by transferring property and issuing new shares in exchange, and is a special type of in-kind contribution that grants a partial effect of universal succession to support M&A, exempts the inspection procedure and the court's authorization procedure, and is not subject to the restrictions on distributable profits that apply to dividend in-kind. In the end, corporate division is a system that embodies the purpose of simplifying and facilitating the establishment of a company based on the contribution of property compared to the transactions that were previously included in de facto corporate division.
Unlike the personality-split theory, this redefined in-kind contribution theory can logically explain various types of spin-offs. Compared to the establishment of a company through in-kind capital contribution, the application of Article 454(1) of the Civil Code may be excluded due to the partial effect of universal succession in the case of corporate division, and the interests of creditors may be infringed, so the provision that the dividing companies are jointly and severally liable for pre-division debts is also justified. Since corporate division was introduced with the purpose of facilitating reorganization by simplifying procedures compared to in-kind contributions, the shorter filing period (6 months) for the invalidation of division than for the invalidation of establishment (2 years) can also be explained as a special feature. Of course, the in-kind contribution theory is harmonized with the tax system of corporate division, which considers the transfer of property through a corporate division as a transfer of assets, which is considered an taxable event. However, the in-kind contribution theory has a limitation that it does not provide an independent explanation for the protection of shareholders. Nevertheless, the in-kind contribution theory suggests that a special resolution of the shareholders' meeting should be exempted in the event of a corporate division that does not have a material impact on shareholders depending on the size of the transaction.
According to this redefined in-kind contribution theory, the current legal system of corporate division needs to be reorganized. First, with respect to the legislative method, it is defined as a corporate division in the case of a spin-off and a corporate division in the case of a personal division, and at the same time, it is stipulated that all or part of the spin-off shares can be allocated to the shareholders of the spin-off company. Therefore, as a logical corollary, it entails the introduction of a hybrid corportate division in which part of the spin-off shares are allocated to the shareholders of the spin-off company and the rest to the spin-off company. In consideration of the possible infringement of minority shareholders' interests in the event of a spin-off, we proposed to introduce a dissenting shareholder's appraisal rights, but based on the fact that Articles 374(1) and 393(1) of the Commercial Code stipulate the approval of the shareholders' meeting and the board of directors based on the size of the company, we proposed to exempt the shareholders' special resolution and the exercise of the dissenting shareholder's appraisal rights in the case of a small-scale spin-off where the property to be transfered does not exceed one-tenth of the total assets of the spin-off company. Furthermore, in the case of a split-off, where all of the shares are attributed to the shareholders of the split-off company in proportion to their shareholdings, it would be appropriate to establish a special rule to omit the procedure for the exercise of the dissenting shareholders' appraisal rights, considering that the interests of the shareholders are not substantially changed through the corporate division.
In the event of a corporate division, the partial effect of universal succession is applied to the creditors who are transferred to the new company, and unlike in the case of the establishment of a company through in-kind contribution, there is a great need for creditor protection, as the liability property may be reduced without individual consent or approval. Therefore, it is desirable to retain the current system of joint liability of spin-off companies. However, when compared to the establishment of a company through in-kind contribution, the creditors remaining in the divided company have the same total amount of liability property and only the form of the property has changed, and when compared to the case where a dividend in kind is made, there is no need for creditor protection for the issuance of split shares made within the scope of distributable profits. In other words, it is proposed to exclude joint liability in these two cases above.
Abuse of corporate division occurs when a company uses a seemingly legitimate corporate division to infringe on the interests of stakeholders or to circumvent other laws and regulations. For example, in a corporate division, split-off shares are allocated to the treasury stock held by the split-off company, or the company transfers its only real estate or highly valuable property to the new company for the purpose of avoiding debt. Under the in-kind contribution theory, in the first case, the split-off is organized in stages as two transactions of in-kind contribution and in-kind dividend, so it is essentially impossible to allocate split-off shares to treasury shares. Under the amendment proposed in this article, the remaining creditors of the spin-off company would be excluded from joint liability in principle, and their legitimate rights would be infringed by such a spin-off, but under the in-kind contribution theory, the creditors would be able to obtain relief through the exercise of the right of creditor's revocation under the Civil Code. As for the spin-off tax system, it is necessary to change the order and composition according to the reorganization of the spin-off law, and in the long run, it is necessary to improve the consistency of the taxation system between in-kind contribution and corporate division.