Prevalence of Daytime Urinary Incontinence and Related Risk Factors in Primary School Children in Turkey

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Purpose: Urinary incontinence is one of the major urinary symptoms in children andadolescents and can lead to major distress for the affected children and their parents.
In accordance with the definitions of the Standardization Committee of theInternational Children’s Continence Society, daytime urinary incontinence (DUI) isuncontrollable leakage of urine during the day. The aim of this cross-sectional studywas to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of DUI in Turkish primaryschool children.
Materials and Methods: The questionnaire, which covered sociodemographic variablesand the voiding habits of the children, was completed by the parents of 2,353 childrenwho were attending primary school in Denizli, a developing city of Turkey. The children’svoiding habits were evaluated by use of the Dysfunctional Voiding andIncontinence Symptoms Score, which is a validated questionnaire. Children with a historyof neurological or urological diseases were excluded.
Results: The participation rate was 91.9% (2,164 people). The overall prevalence of DUIwas 8.0%. The incidence of DUI tended to decrease with increasing age and was notsignificantly different between genders (boys, 8.8%; girls, 7.3%; p=0.062). Age, maternaleducation level, family history of daytime wetting, settlement (urban/rural), historyof constipation, urinary tract infection, and urgency were independent risk factors ofDUI.
Conclusions: Our findings showed that DUI is a common health problem in primaryschool children. In an effort to increase awareness of children’s voiding problems andthe risk factors for urinary dysfunction in the population, educational programs andlarger school-based screening should be carried out, especially in regions with low socioeconomic status.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Rushton HG, "Wetting and functional voiding disorders" 22 : 75-93, 1995

2 Bakker E, "Voiding habits and wetting in a population of 4,332Belgian schoolchildren aged between 10 and 14 years" 36 : 354-362, 2002

3 Hansen A, "Urinary tract infection, day wetting and other voiding symptoms in seven- to eight-year-old Danish children" 86 : 1345-1349, 1997

4 Soderstrom U, "Urinary and faecal incontinence: a population-based study" 93 : 386-389, 2004

5 Neveus T, "The standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function in children and adolescents: report from the Standardisation Committee of the International Children's Continence Society" 176 : 314-324, 2006

6 Koff SA, "The relationship among dysfunctional elimination syndromes, primary vesicoureteral reflux and urinary tract infections in children" 160 (160): 1019-1022, 1998

7 Swithinbank LV, "The natural history of urinary symptoms during adolescence" 81 (81): 90-93, 1998

8 Swithinbank LV, "The natural history of daytime urinary incontinence in children: a large British cohort" 99 : 1031-1036, 2010

9 Kajiwara M, "The micturition habits and prevalence of daytime urinary incontinence in Japanese primary school children" 171 : 403-407, 2004

10 Bower WF, "The epidemiology of childhood enuresis in Australia" 78 : 602-606, 1996

11 Loening-Baucke V, "Prevalence rates for constipation and faecal and urinary incontinence" 92 : 486-489, 2007

12 Chung JM, "Prevalence and associated factors of overactive bladder in Korean children 5-13 years old: a nationwide multicenter study" 73 : 63-67, 2009

13 Toktamis A, "Prevalence and associated factors of day wetting and combined day and night wetting" 81 : 54-59, 2008

14 Hoebeke P, "One thousand video-urodynamic studies in children with non-neurogenic bladder sphincter dysfunction" 87 : 575-580, 2001

15 Esperanca M, "Nocturnal enuresis: studies in bladder function in normal children and enuretics" 101 : 324-327, 1969

16 Hellstrom AL, "Micturition habits and incontinence in 7-year-old Swedish school entrants" 149 : 434-437, 1990

17 Achenbach TM, "Manual for the child behaviour check-list and revised child behaviour profile" University of Vermont 1983

18 Uguralp S, "Frequency of enuresis, constipation and enuresis association with constipation in a group of school children aged 5-9 years in Malatya, Turkey" 33 : 315-320, 2003

19 Serel TA, "Epidemiology of enuresis in Turkish children" 31 : 537-539, 1997

20 Gur E, "Enuresis: prevalence, risk factors and urinary pathology among school children in Istanbul, Turkey" 46 : 58-63, 2004

21 Oge O, "Enuresis: point prevalence and associated factors among Turkish children" 43 : 38-43, 2001

22 Ozkan KU, "Enuresis prevalence and accompanying factors in schoolchildren:a questionnaire study from southeast Anatolia" 73 : 149-155, 2004

23 Akbal C, "Dysfunctional voiding and incontinence scoring system: quantitative evaluation of incontinence symptoms in pediatric population" 173 : 969-973, 2005

24 American Psychiatric Association, "Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders" American Psychiatry Press 1995

25 Sureshkumar P, "Daytime urinary incontinence in primary school children: a population-based survey" 137 : 814-818, 2000

26 Lee SD, "An epidemiological study of enuresis in Korean children" 85 : 869-873, 2000

27 Sureshkumar P, "A population based study of 2,856 school-age children with urinary incontinence" 181 : 808-815, 2009