Connecting Northeast Asia: Renewable Energy and Prospects for Cooperation

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article assesses the significance of renewable energy technologies in the integration of the Northeast Asian energy sector. First, it provides a country-level analysis of renewable energy trends in China, Korea, and Japan. Then, it analyzes how domestic trends are linked from a regional perspective, highlighting opportunities and challenges posed by renewable energy technologies. Finally, it assesses the current state of affairs in energy cooperation and provides an appraisal of future developments, with particular attention to the issue of grid connectivity.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 "World Bank Open Data"

2 Xia, Changliang, "Wind Energy in China: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives" 13 (13): 1966-1974, 2009

3 Liu, Jialu, "Understanding China’s Renewable Energy Technology Exports" 52 : 417-428, 2013

4 Koo, Min Gyo, "The Senkaku/Diaoyu Dispute and Sino-Japanese Political-Economic Relations: Cold Politics and Hot Economics?" 22 (22): 205-232, 2009

5 ESBN, "The Second Asian and Pacific Energy Forum" United Nations Conference Centre

6 Harvard CID, "The Atlas of Economic Complexity"

7 METI, "Strategic Energy Plan" Provisional translation

8 EIA, "South Korea, Analysis" U.S. Energy Information Administration

9 Choi, Woojin, "South Korea Plans To Make Renewable Energy Push with 3020" IBC Asia

10 Information Office of the State Council of the PRC, "Solar Industry Expected to Become Subsidy-Free by 2021"

11 Heide, Dominik, "Seasonal Optimal Mix of Wind and Solar Power in a Future, Highly Renewable Europe" 35 (35): 2483-2489, 2010

12 Zeng, Ming, "Review of Renewable Energy Investment and Financing in China: Status, Mode, Issues and Countermeasures" 31 : 23-37, 2014

13 United Nations, "Report of the Second Asian and Pacific Energy Forum" ESCAP 2018

14 IRENA, "Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2019" Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency

15 Cherni, Judith A, "Renewable Energy Policy and Electricity Market Reforms in China" 35 (35): 3616-3629, 2007

16 Martin, Henry, "Reduced Transmission Grid Representation Using the St. Clair Curve Applied to the Electric Reliability Council of Texas" IEEE 1-5, 2017

17 Renewable Energy Institute, "RE Reaches 26% of China’s Electricity Generation in 2017"

18 Chung, Ji-Bum, "Public Perception of Energy Transition in Korea: Nuclear Power, Climate Change, and Party Preference" 116 : 137-144, 2018

19 Hu, Weijia, "Proposed Electricity Super Grid Can Bring Real Connectivity to Asian Economies" Global Times

20 Zhang, Dahai, "Present Situation and Future Prospect of Renewable Energy in China" 76 : 865-871, 2017

21 Information Office of the State Council of the PRC, "Power System Reform Scheme"

22 Information Office of the State Council of the PRC, "Policy Change to Strengthen Solar Sector" China Daily

23 Deetjen, Thomas A., "Modeling the Optimal Mix and Location of Wind and Solar with Transmission and Carbon Pricing Considerations" 120 : 35-50, 2018

24 Mathews, John A., "Manufacture Renewables to Build Energy Security" (513) : 166-168, 2014

25 Van Ness, Peter, "Learning from Fukushima: Nuclear Power in East Asia" Australian National University Press 2017

26 Herh, Michael, "KEPCO and Softbank to Team Up for Northeast Asian Super Grid Project" Business Korea

27 Ji, Yeon-jin, "Jung sadeu bobog 1nyeon, il senkaku ttwieoneom-eun gyeongjesonsil . . . halu 300eog-won gongjungbunhae(jonghab)—asiagyeongje gongjung bunhae jonghab" Asia Business Daily

28 Iwata, Mari, "Japan Sets Group for Nuclear Deals" Wall Street Journal

29 Institute of Energy Economics Japan, "Japan Energy Brief" Institute of Energy Economics

30 Lies, Elaine, "Japan Aims for Zero Emissions, Carbon Neutral Society by 2050—PM" Reuters

31 Aalto, Pami, "Institutions in European and Asian Energy Markets: A Methodological Overview" 74 : 4-15, 2014

32 International Energy Agency, "Insights Series—Power Sector Reform in China"

33 GovInsider, "Inside SoftBank CEO’s Vision for an Asia Super Grid"

34 Myllyvirta, Lauri, "Influential Academics Reveal How China Can Achieve Its ‘Carbon Neutrality’ Goal" Carbon Brief

35 Makarov, Yuri V., "Incorporating Uncertainty of Wind Power Generation Forecast into Power System Operation, Dispatch, and Unit Commitment Procedures" 2 (2): 433-442, 2011

36 Kim, Sehyun, "Improvement in Policy and Proactive Interconnection Procedure for Renewable Energy Expansion in South Korea" 98 : 150-162, 2018

37 Nam, Hoseok, "Impact of Nuclear Phase-Out Policy and Energy Balance in 2029 Based on the 8th Basic Plan for Long-Term Electricity Supply and Demand in South Korea" 122 : 2020

38 Ulbig, Andreas, "Impact of Low Rotational Inertia on Power System Stability and Operation" 47 (47): 7290-7297, 2014

39 Kim, Sung-Young, "Hybridized Industrial Ecosystems and the Makings of a New Developmental Infrastructure in East Asia’s Green Energy Sector" 26 (26): 158-182, 2019

40 Lim, Seul-Ye, "Household Willingness to Pay for Expanding Fuel Cell Power Generation in Korea: A View from CO2 Emissions Reduction" 81 : 242-249, 2018

41 Frankfurt School and UNEP Centre, "Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment" Frankfurt School of Finance and Management gGmbH

42 GSDM, "Geopolitics, Geoeconomics, Energy, and Innovation in East Asia" University of Tokyo 2019

43 CGTN, "Full Text: Xi Jinping’s Speech at the General Debate of the 75th Session of the United Nations General Assembly"

44 Yonhap, "Full Text of President Moon Jae-in’s Speech at 75th Session of United Nations General Assembly" Yonhap News Agency

45 Lee, Chung Min, "Fault Lines in a Rising Asia" Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 2016

46 Hong, Sanghyun, "Evaluating Options for Sustainable Energy Mixes in South Korea Using Scenario Analysis" 52 : 237-244, 2013

47 Vivoda, Vlado, "Energy Security in Japan: Challenges after Fukushima" Routledge 2014

48 Japan Times, "Electricity and Gas Liberalization"

49 World Bank, "Electricity Production from Renewable Sources, Excluding Hydroelectric (KWh)—China"

50 Dent, Christopher M, "East Asia’s New Developmentalism: State Capacity, Climate Change and Low-Carbon Development" 39 (39): 1191-1210, 2018

51 International Energy Agency, "Data & Statistics"

52 Park, Young Won, "Creative Innovative Firms from Japan" Springer Singapore 107-126, 2019

53 Ernst, Maximilian, "Costs of Coercion: Predicaments of Chinese Statecraft in the Asia-Pacific" 7 (7): 6-17, 2021

54 Yao, Lixia, "Conceptualization of Energy Security in Resource-Poor Economies: The Role of the Nature of Economy" 114 : 394-402, 2018

55 "CAIT Climate Data Explorer"

56 Pacheco Pardo, "Beyond Traditional Security: South Korea’s Positioning towards the Cyber, Energy, Maritime and Trade Security Domains" KF-VUB Korea Chair 2020

57 Hirth, Lion, "Balancing Power and Variable Renewables:Three Links" 50 : 1035-1051, 2015

58 British Petroleum, "BP Statistical Review of World Energy"

59 GEIDCO, "About GEI—Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization"

60 Rebours, Yann G., "A Survey of Frequency and Voltage Control Ancillary Services—Part I: Technical Features" 22 (22): 350-357, 2007

61 Hong, Sanghyun, "A Nuclear-to-Gas Transition in South Korea: Is It Environmentally Friendly or Economically Viable?" 112 : 67-73, 2018