In a service encounter, one can easily witness a situation where employees frequently defy organizations’ rules to serve customers’ interests. Disregarding organizational rules to be helpful to a customer, offering customers excessive promotional ...
In a service encounter, one can easily witness a situation where employees frequently defy organizations’ rules to serve customers’ interests. Disregarding organizational rules to be helpful to a customer, offering customers excessive promotional items or discounts, and adjusting management policies to overcome service failures are all suitable examples of these deviant behaviors that frontline employees practice. In the light of these behaviors, it appears to be a common practice in service-related industries to offer “special favors” or “over-servicing” to customers. Accordingly, this study adopts newly introduced behavioral measure called “Customer-Oriented Deviance (COD)”. This proposed concept is a multi-dimensional behavioral measure that comprehensively investigates customer-oriented behaviors where frontline employees place their customers’ interests above their organizations’ with customers being the main beneficiary. COD is composed of deviant service adaptation (DSA), deviant service communication (DSC), and deviant use of resources (DUR). These dimensions focus on the frontline employees’ different deviant behaviors during their service encounters. The utmost aim of this study is to apply this COD behavioral concept on demonstrating different deviant behaviors of frontline employees in the hotel industry. Due to good intentions, it is common for hotel frontline employees to serve customers in ways that go beyond their expectations. Thus, this study adopts COD to measure the degree of hotel frontline employees’ deviant behaviors that involve giving benefits to customers. Furthermore, this study stretches out its purpose to examine the impact of COD on employee service performance via other motivational and psychological constructs such as psychological empowerment and work engagement. Out of total 604 cases collected, 561 respondents met the established criteria of being frontline employees in deluxe hotel in Seoul, South Korea. Before conducting one-stage structural equation modeling (SEM), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was held on the data. CFA allowed assessing the fit of the measurement model for each construct before testing the structural model. Following the test of individual measurement models, the study’s hypotheses were examined using structural model to test causal relationships between the latent factors. The proposed structural model of this study included three exogenous factors (DSA, DSC, and DUR), and three endogenous factors (psychological empowerment, work engagement, and employee service performance). The findings of this study suggest that two key facets of COD, deviant service adaptation (DSA) and deviant service communication (DSC) are positively related to psychological empowerment of a frontline employee in the hotel industry. Regarding the relationships with facets of COD and employee work engagement, frontline employees who are open to disclosing the truth about their company’s services or offerings (DSC behaviors) are likely to feel high degree of work engagement. In addition, when frontline employees exceed their work hours to help the customers or/and use company’s resources (DUR behaviors) are more engaged in their work. This study also extended the examination on the relationship of two motivational constructs, psychological empowerment and work engagement, concluding that more psychologically empowered employees show higher degree of work engagement. Lastly, both psychological empowerment and work engagement were both positively related to service performance of frontline employees. To summarize, facets composing customer-oriented deviant behaviors of frontline employees in the hotel industry are positively related to employee’s motivational facets, indicating that when employees are more highly involved with them the better service performance expected. It is a first known attempt to employ multidimensional behavioral measure called ‘Customer-Oriented Deviance (COD)’ to examine not only the level of frontline employees’ defying rules of organization in the hotel industry, but also extend it as a critical predictor for investigating motivational constructs. The findings of this study highlight the over-servicing behaviors that occur from employees in the hotel industry. These insights emphasize the management and service providers to be aware of managing COD behaviors that have high degree of relationship with employees’ psychological motivations, which directly determines overall employee service performance as well as the survival of a business itself.