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Abstract

A Study on the Motifs of a Temple in Ancient Israel

Surk Il Im
Department of Theology
Graduate School, Hyupsung University

Supervised by Professor Myung Soo Suh, Ph.D.

This thesis explores the motifs of a temple in ancient Israel. There are some motifs of a temple in the Old Testament. Typical types of a temple/sanctuary are an archetypal sanctuary and its antitypal sanctuary in earth. The former represents the world itself which was created by God, and the latter represents earthly sanctuary as a human holy architecture. The archetypal temple reflects heavenly temple. The typical antitypal temple are Solomon's temple and the second temple which was rebuilt by Zerubbabel (BCE 515) after the Babylonian period.
The inquiry of the motifs of a temple/sanctuary will help Korean churches and believers understand the theological meaning and purpose of the church as a place where God lives today.
The book of Genesis starts from the story of creation of heaven and earth(Gen.1:1-2:3), where the world itself contains a temple motif. The world presupposes a three-story structure just like the structure of the sanctuary, and after completion of the creation of heaven and earth, God rests(shābat) on the 7th in the world. Therefore, it can be said that the created world itself is a temple where God lives and rests. This is often referred to as an archetypal temple because it is an invisible temple. In the story of the second creation(Gen.2:4-3:24) the Garden of Eden contains a temple motif as a miniature version of the world. Motif, where water flows out of the center of the garden and wets the river on a slope, is like a temple motif, meaning a river of life in which water flows from the temple gate area through the Jordan River to the Dead Sea. In addition, there are pure gold and jewelry in the Garden of Eden, which is reminiscent of precious metals and jewelry decorated in the tabernacle and Solomon's Temple. The group that guarded the Garden of Eden was shaped like the insignia of the tabernacle and atonement, and the two candle sticks (menorah) at the altar of the tabernacle were shaped like the tree of life and the tree of knowledge in Garden of Eden. As such, the Garden of Eden is not a temple as a visible building, but it can be called a archetypal sanctuary in where God lives and meets people.
God who dwells in the mountain after the exodus orders Moses to instruct the construction of the tabernacle to dwell in the Israelite camp. As God commands seven times, Moses executes seven times. This seven times command-execute pattern also applies to the appointment ceremony of priests in the chapter of Leviticus. In this pattern world, the tabernacle, and the appointment of a priest are closely linked by priestly theology and perspective. The tabernacle is divided into a courtyard, alter, and the Most Holy Place. This triadic division is similar to the three grades of Mt. Sinai, that is the foot of a mountain(on where the Israelites stay), mountainside(where Joshua and elders stay), top of mountain(where Moses stay and meet with God).
Another temple motif can be found in Noah's ark(tēbah). Noah's ark has the same three-story structure as a sanctuary. Noah coated the a가 of cypress with pitch inside and outside for prevention of a chaotic water. Pitch in Hebrew is 'Koper', its verbal form is 'kāpar' which means 'spread over'. And sometimes 'kāpar' is used as a metaphor of atonement, that is 'spread over a sin'. Atonement means to cover up a sin. And according to God's command, Noah took seven of every kind if clean animal, a male and its mate, and two pf every kind of unclean animal, a male and its mate. This clean and unclean animals reflect the sprit of the code of purity and impurity in the book of Leviticus. For these reasons, Noah's ark can be called a floating temple on the water. Some scholars argue that Noah's ark corresponds to a floating ziggurat.
Moses mother made a reed basked for child Moses. The reed basket in Hebrew is also <tēbah> which is same to Noah's Ark. In spite of difference of size the reed basket is called <tēbah>. It is why that two are coated with pitch for prevention of a great water(mābbûl in Hebrew) flooding into. Just as those who are in temple are safe, Noah's Ark and the reed basket function as a shelter.
As visible temples on the ground, there are Solomon and Zerubbabel temples, which reflect an archetypal sanctuary as mentioned above. But it is difficult to say that they have been embodied in 100%. The temple of Solomon differs from the tabernacle because Solomon's temple has some The second temple is restoration of the first temple. So two temples are same.
During the exilic period the prophet Ezekiel suggested a new vision of temple(Ezk. 40-48) for the near future. His new vision is not a restoration of the historical temple (the first temple), but an ideal temple that reflects the ideals of the heavenly temple and the archetypal temple.
Through the above discussion on the temple motifs, some implications and implications for correcting the distorted temple architecture phenomenon of today's Korean churches can be indirectly inferred. In conclusion, all kinds of temple should be a place where the order, preservation, and reproduction of creation take place. Only God will be there(Yahweh-shammah).

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