함께' 말하기 = Speaking 'With': Rethinking Whitman's Sympathy in/outside His Culture

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This essay invites readers to rethink the notion of Walt Whitman's sympathy via David Reynolds's cultural studies. Indebted to Reynold's rigorous recreation of the vanished literary culture shaped by canonical and popular writers of Whitman era, this essay compares the lines from "Song of Myself" with one of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's slave poems, "The Slave in the Dismal Swamp." At once locating Whitman in and out of the literary criticism and weaving D. H. Lawrence's discourse on Whitman and Deleuzian thinking of "feeling with" and the superiority of Anglo-American literature, this essay, in the tangled web of cultural discourse and literary theories, tries to envisage the greatness of Whitman's earlier poems rooted in the vernacular language and rhythm of his own time. In a sense, it is a project revising and complementing Reynolds' reading of Whitman and going beyond the limit of his reading on cultural geography.
Questioning how Whitman digested his culture and kept distance from the genteel tradition of his time that Longfellow adopted without hesitation, I propose Whitman attain a different layer of sympathy in his slave poem, while Longfellow fell in the net of 'pity' in a condescending gesture. Whitman's sympathy as the form of feeling/speaking with makes readers re-experience 'the contact zone' with others, without the moral superiority represented in many sensational and moral writings in that era. Revisiting Lawrence's reading of Whitman and Deleuzian notion of feeling with, this essay concludes Whitman's poetic achievement is not literary isolationism of a lonely genius, but a radical practice of 'becoming' minority, transforming the ordinary space in his own culture into the act of doing in the Open Road.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. 휘트먼과 당대 문화
• 2. 세상 속에서 "함께 말하기"
• 3. 공감, 접촉, 열린 길
• 4. 글을 나가며
• 인용문헌
• Abstract

참고문헌 (Reference)

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4 Miller, Edwin Haviland, "Walt Whitman's “Song of Myself”: A Mosaic of Interpretations" U of Iowa P 1989

5 Reynolds, David S, "Walt Whitman's America: A Cultural Biography" Vintage 1995

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7 Smith, Adam, "The Theory of Moral Sentiments" Cambridge UP 2009

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9 Abrams, Sam, "The Neglected Walt Whitman: Vital Texts" Four Walls Eight Windows 1993

10 Lawrence, D. H, "Studies in Classic American Literature" Penguin 1972

11 Donoghue, Denis, "Reading America" Alfred A. Knopf 1987

12 Bernstein, Charles, "Poetics" Harvard UP 1992

13 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, "Poems by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Complete in Two Volumes. Vol 1" Ticknor and Fields 1856

14 Whitman, Walt, "Leaves of Grass" Norton 1973

15 Cowley, Malcolm, "Introduction, In Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass: His Original Edition" Penguin 7-37, 1959

16 Hardt, Michael, "Empire" Harvard UP 2000

17 Deleuze, Gilles, "Dialogues II" Columbia UP 1987

18 Bove, Paul, "Destructive Poetics: Heidegger and Modern American Poetry" Columbia UP 1980

19 Reynolds, David S, "Beneath the American Renaissance: The Subversive Imagination in the Age of Emerson and Melville" Harvard UP 1988

20 Kazin, Alfred, "An American Procession" Knopf 1984

21 정은귀, "'응답하라' 휘트먼: 조락한 『풀잎』의 잎사귀를 다시 읽는 일" 영미문학연구회 (34) : 380-403, 2013