민주주의의 법치와 유가의 덕치 문제 = 법실증주의의 법의식과 초기 유가의 도덕의식을 중심으로

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Democracy prefers the rule of law to the rule of virtue. Liberal democracy, in particular, takes legal positivism as its principal idea, rejecting the notions of natural law. According to legal positivism by Hans Kelsen (1881-1973), natural law is a metaphysics of normative law, and is idealistic, dualistic, and absolutistic. Also, legal positivism holds that moral consciousness does not arise from facts. According to Kelsen, the norms of justice refers to legal norms, are not related directly to morality. Morality includes value while law excludes value. Grundnorm (basic norm) as the basis of positive law is the object of cognition, but it is not the object of value. That is, law is about the order of human behavior, and order is about the system of norms, and the unity of norms derive from the same criterion of all norms. The basis of legal validity is Grundnorm. Individual norms are legal norms only within the boundary of legal order. Norms of legal order regulate human behavior. In this regard, legal order is a compulsive order, and what we need to pay attention is not the formation of law, but the objectivity and strictness of legal order. Kelsen’s assertions above might be valid in following established legal norms, they does not tell us why we should follow legal norms and the validity of law itself. This shows that legal norms cannot be unrelated to value. If we think of legal norms as something unrelated to value, abuse or misuse of law can occur. Moreover, Since legal norms basically concern the past, they are not effective in dealing with new problems. The rule of virtue, one of main classical Confucian teachings by Kongzi and Mengzi, can provide useful solutions to the above problems the rule of law entails. Confucianism considers the human being as a moral being. Morality is the fundamental value and law is a supplementary means to keeping social order. Means should not precede purpose. In this regard, Confucianism pursues social order through moral teachings rather than through coercive punishments, This means that Confucian teachings emphasize the autonomous abidance to law which is derived from inner morality. This teaching of classical Confucianism is different from Plato’s idea in that he supported the rule of law as the second-best solution since he thought the rule of philosophers are too difficult to achieve. Classical Confucianism kept pursuing moral politics even though it might be difficult to practice. Nevertheless, classical Confucian teachings do not give viable answers to how to achieve moral politics in the absence of rulers with good morality and ability (junzi 君子). Even though Mengzi came up with the idea of dynastic revolution, the targets of a dynastic revolution are immoral rulers who harmed benevolence and righteousness (canzei 殘 賊). But most of the states are governed by rulers with morality and ability between junzi and canzei. This is why a close union between rule by virtue and rule by law is necessary. This might be achieved by taking moral consciousness as its basis and supporting it with practical systems. In this case, moral consciousness is not something transcendent of time and space, but is mutable throughout history. Legal consciousness is also changeable according the changes of time and space. It should be noted that moral consciousness and legal consciousness are not given by the Supreme Being, but they are the results of common consciousness formed through the consensus of people. Moral consciousness and legal consciousness can be viable in certain time and space, but can be changed in new situations. In other words, they only have a temporal universality subject to change in certain historical contexts. In this sense, moral consciousness is distinguished from relativist legal positivism, absolutist ethical theories, and moral skepticism.

참고문헌 (Reference)

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2 "論語"

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12 "인터넷 중앙일보 뉴스"

13 "인터넷 조선일보 뉴스"

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23 "荀子"

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25 "尙書引義"

26 "孟子"

27 "周易"

28 이철승, "『논어』 속 군자관의 논리 구조와 정치의식" 동양고전연구소 (29) : 7-33, 2013