필리핀의 과두제 민주주의: 정치적 독점의 해체 없는 민주화 = Oligarchic Democracy in the Philippines: Democratization without the Disintegration of the Political Monopoly

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The democratic consolidation in post-transitional settings, or the ``post- democratization democracy``, in the Philippines is the subject of this study. The People Power Revolution of 1986 in the Philippines enabled her to achieve a ``transition`` from authoritarianism, of Marcos`s dictatorship (1972-1986), to democracy. In spite of this ``democratic transition``, or of the restoration of formal procedural democracy, the Philippine political society has been and still is dominated by the old oligarchs and prominent traditional ``political families``. The study attempts to explore the way how the political monopoly of the traditional political elites and their oligarchic governance system are maintained. It was the anti-dictatorship, resistant social movements under the Marcos`s martial law regime that invigorated the civil society in the Philippines during the 1970s and the early 1980s. This revitalized civil society played a pivotal role in the breakdown of the Marcos`s authoritarian rule, bringing forth the democratic transition. It also led a series of institutional reforms under the Aquino and Ramos governments (1986-1998) which were intended to break up the political monopoly of old oligarchy. But these projects of political reform were, in the event, neutralized by the concerted efforts and ingenious countermeasures taken by the traditional political elites. This study shows that the Philippine democracy in the post-Marcos regimes can be characterized as an ``oligarchic democracy``, which is still far from a ``consolidated democracy``. It also shows that to better understand the consolidation process of Philippine democracy, it is necessary to have a better understanding of the political culture and social structure unique to the Philippines. Furthermore, the findings in this study will provide a good case for the study of democracies in other Asian countries.