소현세자(昭顯世子)의 심양(瀋陽) 억류와 인질(人質) 체험 = Crown-prince So`hyeon`s Captivity in Shen`yang, and His experiences as a Hostage

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 논문은 昭顯世子의 瀋陽 억류라는 역사적 사건을 인질 요구의 배경, 인질의 생활과 체험, 인질의 내면과 인식이란 소재를 통하여 살펴 본 연구이다. 그 주요 내용은 다음과 같다. 청은 고려의 대외관계, 특히 몽골(元)과 고려의 교섭 과정 및 이후의 麗·元 관계에 대해 상세한 지식을 갖고 있었으며 이러한 고려의 前史를 조선과의 교섭 과정에서 압박의 도구로 활용하였다. 원 간섭기의 잦은 王位 교체라는 前例는 父王 仁祖와 소현세자뿐만 아니라, 朝·淸 양국의 교섭을 담당한 관료들에게도 역사적 상상력을 제공하였을 가능성이 높다. 조·청 양국의 외교 관계는 기본적으로 明代의 틀을 크게 벗어나지 않았다. 그러나 滿·蒙·漢을 아우르는 청 제국의 복합적 특성, 소현세자의 장기 체류는 외교 교섭이나 인적 교류시에 明代에는 보기 어려웠던 여러 가지 異例的 상황을 초래하였다. 이에 따라 소현세자와 그를 수행한 조선 인질은 淸 太宗과의 面對, 청 황실의 의례나 연회 참석, 사냥과 전쟁 수행 등의 다양한 체험을 하게 되었다. 병자호란의 참패에도 불구하고 明에 대한 조선인의 내면적 태도는 거의 달라지지 않았다. 이러한 조선의 지배적 정서는 소현세자의 심양 체험을 전하는 『瀋陽日記』나 『瀋陽狀啓』 등의 사료에도 고스란히 반영되어 있다. 흥미로운 것은 이들 사료의 기록이 명 황제에 대한 혹평과 淸軍의 勝戰 상황도 상세히 남기고 있었다는 점이다. 조선은 交戰 중인 明과 淸의 우열에 대한 비교적 상세하고 정확한 정보를 갖고 있었음에도 불구하고, 청에 대한 事大를 당연시하지 않은 채 對明義理를 고수하고 있었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In this article, the Crown-prince So`hyeon(昭顯世子)`s captivity in Shen`yang(瀋陽) is examined. Particularly explored here are certain issues such as why it was demanded in the first place that he be held hostage, how his life actually was as a hostage during his stay in Shen`yang, and what kind of emotions and sentiments he might have had. The Qing government had detailed information about the Koreans` foreign relationships in the past, including the former Goryeo dynasty`s negotiations with the Mongols(the Yuan/元 dynasty), and not to mention the subsequently formed relationship between Goryeo and the Mongol empire. In fact, they used their such knowledge in pressing the Joseon negotiators into a corner at the negotiation table. During the 13th and 14th centuries, the Goryeo kings were frequently dethroned and re-enthroned, so the memories of such past must have been threatening to King Injo/仁祖 and Crown-prince So`hyeon, and would have even forced the officials of both the Joseon and Qing governments to consider many options in their negotiating sessions. The basic outline of the diplomatic relationship that formed between the Joseon and Qing dynasties was not that much different from the relationship that Joseon earlier had with Ming. Yet the Qing empire was a conglomeration of the Manju[滿] tribes, the Mongol[蒙] tribes, and the Chinese[漢] people, so Joseon was facing a new situation in its dealings with China, and as Crown-prince So`hyeon`s "stay" got longer and longer, diplomatic negotiations and exchanges between personnel had to continue in a form that the Joseon people have never witnessed before. Then again, Crown-prince So`hyeon, and the Joseon hostages who were with him, were able to witness quite a lot of things, as they had the opportunity to meet Qing Emperor Taejong/太宗 in person, and attend ceremonies and banquets, and even join hunting occasions and battles. Despite the defeat by the Qing forces in the Byeongja Ho`ran(丙子胡亂) war, the Joseon people`s reverence and respect toward Ming(明) never changed. The sentiment is well reflected in records such as 『Shim`yang Ilgi(瀋陽日記)』 or 『Shim`yang Jang`gye(瀋陽狀啓)』, which inform us of Crown-prince So`hyeon`s experiences during his stay in Shen`yang. Interestingly enough, these records also include some harsh criticism upon the performances of the Ming Emperor, and references to the victories of the Qing(淸) forces. Joseon was in fact well equipped with information regarding the conflicts between Ming and Qing and also which one was in a strategically superior position, yet was still refusing to ``serve``(事大) the Qing, and was only clinging to their so-called ``moral obligations`` toward Ming("對明義理").