유아의 공격성, 지배력과 또래관계와의 관련성: 성별을 중심으로 = Relations among aggression, dominance and peer relationships among young children: focusing on sex differences

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 유아들의 공격성, 지배력, 또래관계가 맺는 관계를 성별에 따라 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구문제는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 신체적, 언어적, 관계적 공격성 및 지배력은 성별에 따라 어떻게 다른가? 둘째, 신체적, 언어적, 관계적 공격성, 지배력, 또래관계와의 상관관계는 성별에 따라 어떠한가? 셋째, 신체적, 언어적, 관계적 공격성, 지배력은 성별에 따라 또래관계를 어떻게 예측하는가? 자료수집은 2015 년 12월 - 2016년 1월에 이루어졌으며, P시의 만4-5세 유아 139명과 그들의 담임교사 11명이 참여하였다. 유아들의 공격성과 지배력은 교사용 설문지를 통해 측정하였고 또래관계(또래수용, 또래거부)는 유아와의 1:1 면담을 통해 측정하였다. 자료수집 이후, 분석은 SPSS 23 프로그램을 이용하여 이루어졌다. 또래관계는 각 유아가 받은 호명횟수를 각 학급별로 코딩한 후 표준화 하였으며, 공격성, 지배력은 원점수를 기록하였다. 각 연구문제에 대한 검증을 위하여, t검정, pearson 상관관계, 단계적 회귀 분석을 실시하였다. 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 유아들의 신체적 공격성은 남아에서, 관계적 공격성은 여아에서 더 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 모든 성별에서 신체적 공격성, 관계적 공격성, 언어적 공격성은 서로 밀접하게 관련되어 있었고, 지배력과 또래수용, 또래선호와 정적 상관이 나타났다. 공격성과 또래관계는 남아에서만 상관관계가 나타났다. 셋째, 또래수용과 또래선호를 예측하는 변인은 남아의 경우 신체적 공격성, 관계적 공격성, 지배력이었으며, 여아는 지배력이었다. 이러한 결과는 또래를 수용/거부하는데 있어 성별에 따라 서로 다른 행동이 요구됨을 반영한다. 지배력과 공격성을 고려한 교사의 또래관계 지도방안을 제언하였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study aims to examine associations among young children’s aggressive behaviors, dominance, and peer relationships by sex. It has three aims, 1) how do physical, verbal, relational aggression and dominance differ by gender? 2) how are physical, verbal, relational aggression and dominance correlated to peer relationships by gender? 3) how do physical, verbal, relational aggression and dominance predict peer relationships by gender? Data were collected from December 2015 to January 2016. One hundred and thirty - nine of 4-5 year old children and their teachers participated. Aggressive behaviors and dominance were measured by their teachers using Teacher Checklist. Peer relationships were measured through individual interview using sociometric measure. The data was analysed by SPSS 23 program. Peer relationships were calculated by the number of nomination which an individual child was nominated by their classmates in peer acceptance and - rejection, and standardized by each class. The raw numbers were used to analyse for aggressive behavior and dominance. To examine each research question, t-test, pearson correlation, and stepwise regressions were conducted. The results showed that 1) boys displayed more physical aggression than girls while girls displayed more relational aggression than boys, 2) physical, relational, and verbal aggression were correlated each other in both sexes. Dominance was positively correlated with peer acceptance and -preference in both sexes. Aggression was correlated with peer acceptance, - rejection, and - preference only in boys, 3) Peer acceptance and -preference were predicted by physical, relational aggression and dominance in boys, and by dominance in girls. The findings showed that different social behaviors required to obtain peer status between boys and girls. Teachers should be aware of the sex differences of behavioral correlates in children’s peer relationships when guiding them.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서 론
• Ⅱ. 연구방법
• Ⅲ. 연구결과
• Ⅳ. 논의 및 결론

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 신유림, "자기회귀 교차지연 모형을 적용한 유아기 관계적 공격성과 또래거부의 발달 경향에 대한 종단 연구" 한국유아교육학회 32 (32): 101-115, 2012

2 박성주, "유아들의 사회적 힘의 부정적 사용 양상 및 특성" 한국아동학회 23 (23): 105-121, 2002

3 신유림, "유아기의 신체적 및 관계적 공격성:성차 및 언어, 사회적 능력과의 관련성" 한국유아교육학회 28 (28): 95-111, 2008

4 최인숙, "사회정보처리 구성요소와 정서요인이 유아의 외현적 공격성과 관계적 공격성에 미치는 영향" 한국아동학회 31 (31): 15-34, 2010

5 Pellegrini, A. D., "The roles of aggressive and affiliative behaviors in resource control : A behavioral ecological perspective" 28 (28): 461-487, 2008

6 Henington, C., "The role of relational aggression in identifying aggressive boys and girls" 36 (36): 457-477, 1998

7 Hawley, P. H., "The ontogenesis of social dominance : A strategy-based evolutionary perspective" 19 (19): 97-132, 1999

8 Green, V. A., "The effect of gender context on children's social behavior in a limited resource situation : An observational study" 12 (12): 586-604, 2003

9 Hawley, P. H., "Strategies of control, aggression, and morality in preschoolers : An evolutionary perspective" 85 (85): 213-235, 2003

10 Dodge, K. A., "Social-information-processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children's peer groups" 53 (53): 1146-1158, 1987

11 Pellegrini, A. D., "Social dominance in preschool classrooms" 121 (121): 54-64, 2007

12 Hawley, P. H., "Social dominance and prosocial and coercive strategies of resource control in preschoolers" 26 (26): 167-176, 2002

13 Sutton, J., "Social cognition and bullying : Social inadequacy or skilled manipulation?" 17 (17): 435-450, 1999

14 Perren, S., "Social behavior and peer relationships of victims, bully-victims, and bullies in kindergarten" 47 : 45-57, 2006

15 Archer, J., "Sex differences in aggression in real-world settings : A meta-analytic review" 8 : 291-322, 2004

16 Smith, P. K., "School bullying: Insights and perspectives" Routledge 1994

17 Liddell, C., "Resource utilization in groups of black South African adolescents : Gender, age and individual differences" 20 : 231-248, 1997

18 Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., "Relational and physical aggression, prosocial behavior, and peer relations : Gender moderation and bidirectional associations" 25 (25): 421-452, 2005

19 Crick, N. R., "Relational and overt aggression in preschool" 33 (33): 610-617, 1997

20 Crick, N. R., "Relational aggression, gender, social–psychological adjustment" 66 (66): 710-722, 1995

21 Tomada, G., "Relational aggression, gender, and peer acceptance : Invariance across culture, stability over time, and concordance among informants" 33 (33): 601-609, 1997

22 Hawley, P. H., "Physical attractiveness in preschoolers : Relationships with power, status, aggression and social skills" 45 (45): 499-521, 2007

23 Parker, J. G., "Peer relations and later personal adjustment : Are low-accepted children at risk?" 102 (102): 357-389, 1987

24 Fanger, S. M., "Peer exclusion in preschool children's play : Naturalistic observations in a playground setting" 58 (58): 224-254, 2012

25 Lee, S. H., "Participant roles in peer‐victimization among young children in South Korea : Peer‐, self‐, and teacher‐nominations" 42 (42): 287-298, 2016

26 Nelson, D. A., "Italian Preschoolers' Peer‐status Linkages with Sociability and Subtypes of Aggression and Victimization" 19 (19): 698-720, 2010

27 Hinde, R. A., "Interactions, relationships and social structure" 11 (11): 1-17, 1976

28 Grünigen, R., "Immigrant children's peer acceptance and victimization in kindergarten : The role of local language competence" 28 (28): 679-697, 2010

29 Rodkin, P. C., "Heterogeneity of popular boys : antisocial and prosocial configurations" 36 (36): 14-, 2000

30 Sebanc A. M, "Gendered social worlds in preschool : Dominance, peer acceptance and assertive social skills in boys’ and girls’ peer groups" 12 (12): 91-106, 2003

31 Ostrov, J. M., "Gender differences in preschool aggression during free play and structured interactions : An observational study" 13 (13): 255-277, 2004

32 Cillessen, A. H., "From censure to reinforcement : Developmental changes in the association between aggression and social status" 75 (75): 147-163, 2004

33 Charlesworth, W. R., "Co-operation and competition : Contributions to an evolutionary and developmental model" 19 (19): 25-39, 1996

34 Hymel, S., "Children’s peer relationships : Longitudinal prediction of internalizing and externalizing problems from middle to late childhood" 61 (61): 2004-2021, 1990

35 Putallaz, M., "Children’s naturalistic entry behavior and sociometric status : A developmental perspective" 25 (25): 297-305, 1989

36 Newcomb, A. F., "Children's peer relations : a meta-analytic review of popular, rejected, neglected, controversial, and average sociometric status" 113 (113): 99-128, 1993

37 Killen, M., "Children and social exclusion: Morality, prejudice, and group identity" John Wiley & Sons 2011

38 Olweus, D., "Bullying at school: What we know and what can we do" Blackwell 1993

39 Pellegrini, A. D., "Behavioral and social cognitive processes in preschool children's social dominance" 37 (37): 248-257, 2011

40 Benenson, J. F., "Ages four to six years : Changes in the structures of play networks of girls and boys" 40 (40): 478-487, 1994

41 Crick, N. R., "A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment" 115 (115): 74-101, 1994