고고학 자료를 통해 살펴본 여성의 출산 = Childbirth in Archaeology

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 논문에서는 과거 여성의 출산이라는 주제를 고고학의 관점에서 접근하고 있다. 우선 과거 여성의 출산이 어떻게 유의미한 연구 주제로 성립되었는지를 젠더 고고학의 정착이라는 학사적인 맥락과 함께 검토하고 있다. 아울러 출산 양상의 검토를 통해 과거 사회체계에 대한 이해가 어떻게 가능한지를 타진하기 위해 인류학 분야에서 출산 관련 연구 성과들을 살펴보고 있다. 마지막으로 과거 여성의 출산에 관한 실증적인 고고학적 연구가 가능하다는 것을 보여주기 위해 세 가지 범주의 고고학 자료를 살펴보고 있다. 첫째, 출산 장면의 시각적 표현물을 통해 사회 내에서 여성의 출산이 본인과 가족은 물론 사회에 의해 어떻게 인식되었는지를 타진하고 있다. 둘째, 고고학자가 발굴 현장에서 접할 수 있는 출산 관련 물질문화를 검토함으로써 고고학자들이 과거의 출산에 대해 어떠한 방식으로 접근해야 하는지에 대한 시사점을 얻고 자 하고 있다. 셋째, 출산 중 사망한 여성과 태아의 인골 자료를 살펴봄에 있어서, 임신을 경험했던 과거 여성들의 수가 우리가 막연히 생각하는 것보다 훨씬 적었을 가능성을 제시함으로써 출산의 보편성이나 빈도에 관한 기존의 시각에 대해 문제를 제기하고 있다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper aims to consider the issue of childbirth from an archaeological perspective. Firstly, it places the archaeological study of childbirth within a wider intellectual context and examines how childbirth came to be established as a valid research topic in association with the development of gender archaeology. Secondly, anthropological studies of childbirth are reviewed in order to illustrate how a consideration of the topic can offer further insights on a given social system. Thirdly, in order to illustrate that the archaeological study of childbirth is indeed empirically possible, three categories of archaeological material relevant to childbirth in the past are examined. They are 1) childbirth images, 2) material culture associated with childbirth practices, and 3) mother and full-term fetus skeletons. An examination of childbirth images (in particular their production and consumption contexts) was able to shed light on past social meanings associated with childbirth. An examination of the material remains of childbirth practices that can be identified in the archaeological record resulted in a check-list of sorts that the archaeologist could use to identify childbirth practices when excavating in the field. Finally, the surprising lack of mother and full-term fetus skeletons found in the archaeological record was used as evidence to suggest that, contrary to patriarchical ideas regarding the biological role of women, pregnancy and in particular childbirth in the past may not have necessarily have been a widely experienced phenomenon as previously presumed.

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