Development and Evaluation of Relative Relief Based Soil Thickness Model: A Comparative Study in Hilly Terrain, South Korea

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Soil thickness is a major parameter to better understand slope stability, surface erosion, groundwater storage, and vegetation growth. In this study, the main focus is the development and application of a relative relief (RR)-based spatial soil thickness model. Intensive field works were also carried out to gather ground-truthing soil thickness data using traditional drilling and excavation methods. The spatial distribution of soil thickness obtained from the RR model was validated with the results of the field measurements, and compared with the predictions derived from S and multiple linear regression (MLR) models, which are already known in the literature. In this study, we tested how raster resolutions (5, 10, 20, 30, 50, 60 and 90 m) influence the spatial prediction of soil thickness. Based on the comparison between the predicted soil thickness and the measured soil thickness, a map of 10 m resolution contributed reasonable delineation of soil thickness over the study area. A comparison of the predicted results was performed using the agreement coefficient (AC) which showed that the RR model has a better predictive ability (AC = 0.970) than the S (AC = 0.945) and MLR (AC = 0.710) soil thickness models. The results indicate that an adjustment to the soil thickness and spatial resolution can significantly improve the modelling efficiency.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Burt TP, "Topographic controls of soil moisture distributions" 36 : 469-486, 1985

2 Taylor JA, "The utility of remotely-sensed vegetative and terrain covariates at different spatial resolutions in modelling soil and watertable depth (for digital soil mapping)" 193-194 : 83-93, 2013

3 Heimsath AM, "The soil production function and landscape equilibrium" 388 : 358-361, 1997

4 Zhou ZX, "The relief degree of land surface and population distribution in Guanzhong-Tianshui economic region using GIS" 32 : 951-957, 2012

5 Smith GH, "The relative relief of Ohio" 25 : 272-, 1935

6 Quinn P, "The prediction of hillslope flow paths for distributed hydrological modelling using digital terrain models" 5 : 59-79, 1991

7 Bierkens MFP, "The indicator approach to categorical soil data" 44 : 361-368, 1993

8 Phillips JD, "The convenient fiction of steady-state soil thickness" 156 : 389-398, 2010

9 Barbour MG, "Terrestrial plant ecology" Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co. 182-207, 1980

10 Willmott CJ, "Spatial statistics and models. theory and decision library (An international series in the philosophy and methodology of the social and behavioral sciences)" Springer 1984

11 Brubaker SC, "Soil properties associated with landscape position" 57 : 235-, 1993

12 Wang Q, "Soil depth spatial prediction by fuzzy soil-landscape model" 18 : 1041-1051, 2018

13 Moore ID, "Soil attribute prediction using terrain analysis" 57 : 443-, 1993

14 Carter BJ, "Slope gradient and aspect effects on soils developed from sandstone in Pennsylvania" 49 : 199-213, 1991

15 Han X, "Selection of optimal scales for soil depth prediction on headwater hillslopes : A modeling approach" 163 : 257-275, 2018

16 Moore ID, "Sediment transport capacity of sheet and rill flow: Application of unit stream power theory" 22 : 1350-1360, 1986

17 Liu Y, "Relief degree of land surface and population distribution of mountainous areas in China" 12 (12): 518-532, 2015

18 Pradhan AMS, "Relative effect method of landslide susceptibility zonation in weathered granite soil: A case study in Deokjeok-ri Creek, South Korea" 72 : 1189-1217, 2014

19 Mehnatkesh A, "Relationships between soil depth and terrain attributes in a semi arid hilly region in western Iran" 10 : 163-172, 2013

20 DeRose R, "Relationships between slope morphology, regolith depth, and the incidence of shallow landslides in eastern Taranaki hill country" 49-60, 1996

21 Kuriakose SL, "Prediction of soil depth using environmental variables in an anthropogenic landscape, a case study in the Western Ghats of Kerala, India" 79 : 27-38, 2009

22 Ziadat FM, "Prediction of soil depth from digital terrain data by integrating statistical and visual approaches" 20 : 361-367, 2010

23 Tesfa TK, "Modeling soil depth from topographic and land cover attributes" 45 (45): 2009

24 Salciarini D, "Modeling regional initiation of rainfall-induced shallow landslides in the eastern Umbria Region of central Italy" 3 : 181-194, 2006

25 Zhu AX, "Mapping soil landscape as spatial continua : The Neural Network Approach" 36 : 663-677, 2000

26 Lacerda WA, "Landslides: Evaluation and stabilization" August Aimé Balkema 1746-, 2005

27 Ghimire M, "Landslide occurrence and its relation with terrain factors in the Siwalik Hills, Nepal: Case study of susceptibility assessment in three basins" 56 : 299-320, 2011

28 Hoover MD, "Influence of topography and soil-depth on runoff from forest land" 24 : 693-698, 1943

29 Saulnier G-M, "Including spatially variable effective soil depths in TOPMODEL" 202 : 158-172, 1997

30 Vaze J, "Impact of DEM accuracy and resolution on topographic indices" 25 : 1086-1098, 2010

31 Johnson KA, "Hydrologic conditions leading to debrisflow initiation" 27 : 789-801, 1990

32 Wang M, "GIS-based earthquake-triggered landslide hazard zoning using contributing weight model" 7 : 339-352, 2010

33 Odeh IOA, "Further results on prediction of soil properties from terrain attributes : Heterotopic cokriging and regression-kriging" 67 : 215-226, 1995

34 Jenny H, "Factors of soil formation: A system of quantitative pedology" Courier Corporation, McGraw-Hill 1994

35 Zhang W, "Estimating effective soil depth at regional scales : Legacy maps versus environmental covariates" 181 : 167-176, 2018

36 Zhu A, "Effects of spatial detail of soil information on watershed modeling" 248 : 54-77, 2001

37 Oguchi T, "Drainage density and relative relief in humid steep mountains with frequent slope failure" 22 : 107-120, 1997

38 Moore ID, "Digital terrain modelling : A review of hydrological, geomorphological, and biological applications" 5 : 3-30, 1991

39 Hengl T, "Digital terrain analysis in ILWIS" International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation 62-, 2003

40 Thompson JA, "Digital elevation model resolution: Effects on terrain attribute calculation and quantitative soil-landscape modeling" 100 : 67-89, 2001

41 Zádorová T, "Colluvial soils as a soil organic carbon pool in different soil regions" 253-254 : 122-134, 2015

42 Khazai B, "Assessment of seismic slope stability using GIS modeling" 6 (6): 121-128, 2000

43 Cavazzi S, "Are fine resolution digital elevation models always the best choice in digital soil mapping?" 195-196 : 111-121, 2013

44 Catani F, "An empirical geomorphology-based approach to the spatial prediction of soil thickness at catchment scale" 46 (46): 2010

45 Van Asch TW, "A view on some hydrological triggering systems in landslides" 30 : 25-32, 1999

46 Lagomarsino D, "A tool for classification and regression using random forest methodology : Applications to landslide susceptibility mapping and soil thickness modeling" 22 : 201-214, 2017

47 Dietrich WE, "A process-based model for colluvial soil depth and shallow landsliding using digital elevation data" 9 (9): 383-400, 1995

48 O’brien RM, "A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors" 41 : 673-690, 2007